HIST 3D Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Formaldehyde, Max Theiler, Rna Virus
More Antibiotics/ Viruses and Vaccines
● Waksman and Streptomycin
- Soil microbiology
- Waksman bio and influences
- First discoveries
- streptomycin, 1944
- Test against TB
● Viruses: concept and YF vaccine
- Filters and 1890s
- YF as virus disease
- Wrong turn: Noguchi
- Monkeys and mice
- culturing: the egg
- Theiler and YF vaccine, 1937+
● Polio: Emergence and Investigators
- Virus and disease-- types
- Pathophysiology
- Outbreaks in US
- Roosevelt and NFIP
- Treatments and research
- Salk’s apprenticeship
- Own program at Pittsburg
● A Polio Vaccine
- Early tragedies
- Enders and tissue culture
- Push for vaccine, 1951-52
- Clinical trials
- Mass application
- Sabin’s live vaccine
- Soil microbes have developed a large array of ways to inhibit their competitors;
focus of the late 1930s and 1940s
● Selman Waksman
- Learned how to culture microorganisms through soil
- Dubos was Waksman’s student
- Mid-1930s (just as Penicillin rose in England), Waksman and Dubos realized
there were many possible kinds of substances created by soil that could kill other
bacterial fungi (invaders/competitors)
- Started screening species of known fungi looking for soluble organisms that
would have action against bacteria
- Dubos, in 1939, came upon substance: gramicidin (mentor influenced by student)
Document Summary
Soil microbes have developed a large array of ways to inhibit their competitors; focus of the late 1930s and 1940s. Mid-1930s (just as penicillin rose in england), waksman and dubos realized there were many possible kinds of substances created by soil that could kill other bacterial fungi (invaders/competitors) Started screening species of known fungi looking for soluble organisms that would have action against bacteria. Dubos, in 1939, came upon substance: gramicidin (mentor influenced by student) Discovered that although it was lethal to bacteria, if it were introduced into an animal bloodstream, the amount necessary dissolves the red blood cells. Started focusing on streptomyces genus in 1940-44. Screened various species, grew them, let them extract species, and saw if they were bactericidal. Discovery of species that had properties against tb. Waksman worked with clinicians to set up a clinical trial. November 1944, a woman with a bad case of pulmonary tb was given the antibiotic.