PSYCH 10 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Operant Conditioning Chamber, Reinforcement, Operant Conditioning
1/31/18
- Classical conditioning → reactive behaviors
- Operant conditioning → voluntary behaviors
o An operant behavior is one that has some impact on the environment
- Opeat oditioig: type of leaig i hih the oseuees of a ogais’s ehaio determine
whether it will be repeated in the future
- Thodike’s La of Effet –
o Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
o Behaviors followed by negative consequences become less likely
- Skinner Box: animal in the box with things in the box for it to interact with and ways to give it rewards
(food pellets)
- Types of consequences
o Positive reinforcement: adding a favorable consequence to increase a behavior
▪ Ex: getting a cookie for eating all your veggies
o Negative reinforcement: removing an unfavorable consequence to increase a behavior
▪ Ex: lowering insurance rates for safe driving
o Positive punishment: adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease a behavior
▪ Ex: getting a ticket for speeding
o Negative punishment: removing a favorable consequence to decrease a behavior
▪ Ex: No video games because of rudeness
- Sa’s o oly stops aggig hi he he leas his oo, so he leas to lea it oe ofte
o Stopping nagging: negative reinforcement
- Positive: adding something into the situation
- Changing behavior = punishment
- Staying the same behavior = reinforcement
- Discrimination and generalization
o Discrimination – dog knows difference between sit and shake
o Generalization – dog sits at all verbal commands
- Extinction – when you no longer reinforce a behavior so it dies out
- Schedules of reinforcement
o Reward every time
o Intermittently
▪ Fixed – reinforcement after a given amount of time or responses
▪ Variable – on average, you get reinforcement after a given amount of time or responses,
but the exact reinforcement is random
▪ Interval – based on TIME intervals
▪ Ratio – based on NUMBER OF BEHAVIORS (ratio of responses to reinforcements)
- Ratio
o Fixed: reward after a certain number of behaviors
▪ Learning a bonus for every 5 cars sold
o Variable: reward after a random number of behaviors
▪ Slot machines
- Interval
o Fixed: reward after a certain amount of time
▪ Paycheck every 2 weeks
o Variable: reward after a random amount of time
▪ Receiving an email or message response
- Fixed ratio gets a lot of response
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Document Summary
Operant conditioning voluntary behaviors: an operant behavior is one that has some impact on the environment. Ope(cid:396)a(cid:374)t (cid:272)o(cid:374)ditio(cid:374)i(cid:374)g: type of lea(cid:396)(cid:374)i(cid:374)g i(cid:374) (cid:449)hi(cid:272)h the (cid:272)o(cid:374)se(cid:395)ue(cid:374)(cid:272)es of a(cid:374) o(cid:396)ga(cid:374)is(cid:373)"s (cid:271)eha(cid:448)io(cid:396) determine whether it will be repeated in the future. Tho(cid:396)(cid:374)dike"s la(cid:449) of effe(cid:272)t : behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, behaviors followed by negative consequences become less likely. Skinner box: animal in the box with things in the box for it to interact with and ways to give it rewards (food pellets) Sa(cid:373)"s (cid:373)o(cid:373) o(cid:374)ly stops (cid:374)aggi(cid:374)g hi(cid:373) (cid:449)he(cid:374) he (cid:272)lea(cid:374)s his (cid:396)oo(cid:373), so he lea(cid:396)(cid:374)s to (cid:272)lea(cid:374) it (cid:373)o(cid:396)e ofte(cid:374: stopping nagging: negative reinforcement. Discrimination and generalization: discrimination dog knows difference between sit and shake, generalization dog sits at all verbal commands. Extinction when you no longer reinforce a behavior so it dies out. Schedules of reinforcement: reward every time.
