PSYCH 10 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Prospective Memory, Yield Sign, Recovered-Memory Therapy
2/14/18
The see sis of eor
- Transience: forget things over time
o If the forgetting that will happen, most happens fast
o Specific → general
o Memories are susceptible to interference
o Bartlett’s War of the Ghosts Eperiet → pattern of errors
▪ Omission of information considered irrelevant or nonsensical
▪ Distortion order of events, focus, or emphasis, more in line in with cultural background
of participants
▪ Ratioalizatio: details or aspects that did ot ake sese ere padded out ad
explained in an attempt to make them more comprehensible
▪ Simplification/condensation
o Interference: proactive and retroactive
▪ Proactive – old learning gets in the way of new,
▪ Retroactive – new learning gets in the way of old
- Absentmindedness: lapses in attention bc of divided attention
o Failures in prospective memory – remembering what you need to do in the future
- Blocking: failing to recall something, even when you know it
- Memory misattribution: making a source memory error
o Ex: forgetting who you told a joke to
o Ex: Ronald Cotton case –
o DNA contamination vs memory test contamination
▪ Repeated testing
▪ Time between testing
▪ Low confidence building up to high confidence over repeated testing
- Suggestibility: tendency to incorporate misleading information into memories
o Loftus Et Al. Ho fast as the car goig he it et past the ield sig:
o The misinformation effect – subjects watched a film about traffic safety that showed an
accident; later asked some questions about the video: key question
o Key question: how fast were the cars going when they hit/contacted/smashed each other?
o Wording changes the speed estimates and makes them more likely to fill in the gaps
o Planted memory studies: meeting Bugs Bunny at Disneyland, getting lost in the mall
o Many courtroom implications:
▪ How should children testify?
▪ How should lineups be conducted?
▪ Recoered eories through…
• Visualization techniques
• Ca e trust our eories? Is there a eural arker of true s false eor?
- Bias: your current knowledge/beliefs can affect how you remember the past
o Can be self-serving: you might remember your high school grades as higher than they actually
were
- Persistence: PTSD, flashbulb memories
o Flashbulb memories: iid eories are seared ito our id of trauatic or iportat
events
o Ex: 9/11, when Michael Jackson died
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Interference: proactive and retroactive: proactive old learning gets in the way of new, retroactive new learning gets in the way of old. Absentmindedness: lapses in attention bc of divided attention: failures in prospective memory remembering what you need to do in the future. Blocking: failing to recall something, even when you know it. Bias: your current knowledge/beliefs can affect how you remember the past: can be self-serving: you might remember your high school grades as higher than they actually were. Persistence: ptsd, flashbulb memories: flashbulb memories: (cid:448)i(cid:448)id (cid:373)e(cid:373)ories are (cid:862)seared(cid:863) i(cid:374)to our (cid:373)i(cid:374)d of trau(cid:373)atic or i(cid:373)porta(cid:374)t events, ex: 9/11, when michael jackson died. When you rely on schemas (war of the ghosts) you are more efficient. When you are being absentminded, are you just focusing on something more important. Be aware of possible interference between topics. Retrieval: spacing repetitions = forgetting in between, which means you have to engage in retrieval to remember the prior presentation.
