CFD 1220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Colorectal Cancer, Bronchoscopy
1 May 2018
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Strategies for reducing your risk of cancer
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Detecting, Diagnosing, and Treating Cancer
• Detecting:
o Self-monitoring and routine cancer checkups
• Diagnosing:
o Biopsy
o Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); computed tomography (CT); ultrasonography
• Treatment:
o Surgery
o Chemotherapy
o Radiation therapy
Types of Cancer
• Cancers are classified according to the types of cells that give rise to them
o Carcinomas—the most common—arise from the epithelial tissue that covers body surfaces
(linings, tubes, cavities, and secretion glands)
o Sarcomas arise in connective and fibrous tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage and membranes
covering muscle or fat)
o Lymphomas: cancers of the lymph nodes
o Leukemias: cancers of the blood-forming cells, chiefly in bone marrow
The Incidence of Cancer
• 1.6 million Americans are diagnosed yearly
• 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer during their lifetime
• Men are more likely to die from cancer
o Higher rates of tobacco use
o Higher rates of alcohol use and abuse
o Greater occupational exposure to carcinogens
o Less use of preventive measures
o Less contact with health care providers
• Screening and self-examinations are crucial
Estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths by sex, u.s., 2014
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Lung Cancer
• Most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.
o 160,000 deaths per year
• Risk factors: smoking contributes to 90%
• Detection and treatment:
o Difficult to detect and hard to cure
▪ Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis
o Diagnosis: CT scan, chest X-ray, sputum examination, fiber-optic bronchoscopy
o Treatment depends on type and stage of cancer
▪ Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
o Five-year survival rate for all stages is only 16%
Colon and Rectal cancer
• Risk factors:
o Age and heredity
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