CFD 1220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 27: Coronary Artery Disease, Peripheral Artery Disease, Rheumatic Fever
1 May 2018
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Possible Risk Factors Currently Being Studied
• Homocysteine
o An amino acid, circulating in the blood at elevated levels
• Infectious agents
• Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a)
o Strong genetic component
• LDL particle size
o Small, dense particles increase risk
• Blood viscosity and iron
• Uric acid
• Time of day and time of year
o More heart attacks and sudden deaths occur between 6:00AM and noon
o 50% more occur in the winter months than in the summer months
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
• Hypertension
• Atherosclerosis
• Coronary artery disease and heart attack
• Stroke
• Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
• Congestive heart failure
• Congenital heart disease
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Heart valve problems
Atherosclerosis
• Thickening and hardening of the arteries
o Plaques accumulate in artery walls
• Effects can be deadly
o Coronary heart disease (CHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD)
▪ Heart attack; stroke
• Main risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, high blood cholesterol levels, high blood pressure,
and diabetes
Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attack
• Heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI)
o Damage to heart tissue from lack of oxygenated blood
o Symptoms
▪ Chest pain or pressure
▪ Arm, neck, or jaw pain
▪ Difficulty breathing
▪ Excessive sweating
▪ Nausea and vomiting
▪ Loss of consciousness
U.S. Deaths from Acute Myocardial Infarction, 2010
Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attack
• Angina
o Arteries are narrowed by disease
o The stressed heart cannot receive enough oxygen
o Angina pectoris—chest pain—is usually relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
• Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death
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