CFD 1220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Benign Tumor, Metastasis, Adenine
Chapter 16- Cancer
Cancer
• Cancer causes about 580,000 deaths in the U.S. each year
o 1,600 per day
• Second most common cause of death
• Evidence suggests that many cancers could be prevented by simple lifestyle changes
• Tobacco is responsible for about 30% of all cancer deaths
• Poor diet and exercise habits account for another 30% of cancer deaths
Annual Number of cancer deaths attributable to smoking
What is Cancer?
• An abnormal and uncontrollable multiplication of cells or tissue that can lead to death if
untreated
o Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose
o Benign tumor: mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their
penetration into other tissues
o Malignant tumor: cancerous; can invade surrounding tissues
• Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it
should not
Tumor development occurs in stages
➢ Picture
Metastasis
• The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
o Cancer cells move away from the primary tumor
• Metastasizing: the traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
o Cells break away from the primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel
through the blood and lymphatic system
o New tumors are called secondary tumors or metastases
The stages of cancer
• Cancer is described in five stages based on:
o Size of the primary tumor
o Whether the cancer has invaded nearby lymph nodes
o Whether metastases are present
• Remission
o Signs and symptoms of cancer disappear
o Disease is under control
Cancer stages
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Document Summary
Annual number of cancer deaths attributable to smoking. Cancer promoters: cancer initiators are carcinogenic agents that cause mutational changes, example: uv radiation, cancer promoters do not directly produce mutations, accelerate the growth of cells without damaging or permanently altering the. Dna: example: estrogen, tobacco use, cigarette smoke is a complete carcinogen because it is a cancer initiator and promoter. Dietary factors: limit dietary fat and meat, diets high in fat and meat may contribute to certain cancers, including colon, stomach, and prostate, avoid, alcohol, fried foods. Include: dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, food with phytochemicals. Inactivity and obesity: linked to breast and colon cancer, carcinogens in the environment, natural, uv rays, manufactured. In general environment, but more often in work environment. Body weight and risk of death from cancer. Microbes: cause 15% to 20% of the world"s cancers, human papillomavirus cervical and other cancers, helicobacter pylori stomach cancer, epstein-barr virus (mononucleosis) .