ANTH 1010 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Bhola District, Encephalitis, Epidemiology

• School: UConn
• Department: Anthropology
• Course: ANTH 1010
• Professor: Eleanor Ouiment

Document Summary

An(overview: climate!change!is!not!occurring!in!a!world!free!of!heavy!health!burdens,! especially!in!poor!and!middle!income!countries!but!also!in!the!poor!sectors!of! wealth!countries, climate!change!will!act!as! stress!multiplier !for!many!existing!public!health! problems, poorest!populations,!in!short,!are!the!most!vulnerable!overall!to!the!health! effects!of!climate!change, the!more!severe!and!rapid!climate!change,!the!more!disruptive!to!societies! and!the!more!burdensome!to!human!health, disruptions!in!social!systems!can!increase!overall!health!vulnerability, health!impacts!can!be!offset!by!preparedness!for!climate!change!(e. g. community!and!hospital!preparedness!for!heatbrelated!diseases,! participatory!evacuation!planning). !floods!and!cyclones!can!trigger!outbreaks!of!infectious!diseases!and! damage!hospitals!and!other!health!infrastructure,!overwhelming! health!services!just!when!they!are!needed!most: longbterm!climate!change!threatens!to!exacerbate!today"s!health! problems!while!undermining!tomorrow"s!health!systems,! infrastructure,!social!protection!systems,!and!supplies!of!food,!water,! and!other!ecosystem!products!and!services!that!are!vital!for!human! health. , global!health!will!suffer!a!loss!of!!billionb!billion!per!year!by!2030! due!to!climate!change. According!to!the!report:: many!of!the!major!disease!killers!of!humans!such!as!diarrheal! diseases,!malnutrition,!malaria!and!dengue!are!highly!climateb sensitive!and!are!expected!to!worsen!as!the!climate!changes, for!example,!existing!studies!suggest!that!climate!change!could! expose!an!additional!2!billion!people!to!the!debilitating!and!potential! lethal!vector!borne!disease!dengue!transmission!by!the!2080s, dengue!has!become!the!most!rapidly!spreading!mosquitobborne!viral! disease!in!the!world. Vector=borne(infections: currently,!infectious!diseases!cause!approximately!37!percent!of!all! deaths!in!the!world,!a!percentage!that!is!expected!to!go!up!as!a!result! of!global!warming. !, various!human!disease!vectors!that!previously!were!restricted!in! their!distribution!by!seasonal!temperatures!have!begun!invading!new! areas!in!response!to!climate!changes, a!temperature!rise!of!only!2 c!would!more!than!double!the! metabolism!rate!of!mosquitoes,!including!species!that!spread!deadly! human!diseases!such!as!malaria. , warming!at!this!level!could!also!expand!malaria"s!domain!of!active! infection!from!42!percent!!to!60!percent!of!the!planet. , vectorbborne!ailments!that!are!being!spread!by!global!warming! include!malaria,!fever,!west!nile!disease,!rift!valley!fever,!hantaan! virus,!yellow!fever,!lyme!disease,!plague!and!dengue. The(spread(of(dengue: dengue!has!been!called! breakbone!fever: !symptoms!include! stomach!pain,!headaches,!nausea!and!vomiting,!&!pain!behind!the! eyes). , there!are!4!viral!strains,!and!cobinfection!with!more!than!one!strain! can!produce!a!significantly!more!severe!and!increasingly!more! common!condition!known!as!dengue!hemorrhagic!fever!(dhf). ! In!mexico,!there!has!been!an!alarming!increase!in!the!number!of!cases! of!dhf,!which!now!account!for!approximately!1!in!4!cases. : overall,!the!number!of!cases!of!dengue!in!latin!america!is!expected! during!2007!is!expected!to!surpass!the!1,015,000!cases!reported!in! the!recordbsetting!year!of!2002, slowly!dengue!is!moving!into!north!america!as!well, the!mosquito!that!transmits!dengue!commonly!breeds!in!flower!pots,! discarded!automobile!tires,!and!water!storage!vessels, this!breeding!behavior!reflects!an!adaptation!by!the!mosquito!to! reproduce!in!small!amounts!of!water!created!by!human!settlement, the!mosquito!benefits!from!other!human!behaviors!too:!air! transportation!has!carried!the!mosquito!vector!around!the!world,!and! countries!dependent!on!tourist!dollars!do!not!tend!to!report! outbreaks. Scope(of(the(malaria(problem:: malaria!is!the!most!common!lifebthreatening!infection, 1. 5b2. 7!million!deaths/yr!globally!due!to!malaria, 300b500!million!infections/yr, 90%!of!these!deaths!occur!in!subbsaharan!africa, most!victims!are!children!<5!yrs, pregnant!women!are!also!especially!vulnerable. Western!providence,!zambia. !: this!is!a!forested!region!sandwiched!between!the!borders!of!angola! and!the!democratic!republic!of!the!congo. , for!every!1,000!children!under!the!age!of!five!in!the!providence!there! are!1,353!cases!of!malaria!annually,!a!statistic!clarified!by!the!fact!that! some!children!are!infected!more!than!once!each!year, methyline!was!taken!to!the!hospital,!a!ten!mile!hike,!by!her! grandmother!when!she!began!to!exhibit!symptoms!of!malarial! infection. , as!with!all!cases!of!the!disease,!methyline"s!infection!began!when!she! was!bitten!by!a!female!anopheles!mosquito!seeking!proteinbrich!blood! to!nourish!her!eggs. !, once!in!a!new!human!victim,!like!methyline,!the!wormblike!parasites! migrated!quickly!to!the!girl"s!liver!and!embedded!themselves!in!liver! cells,!where!they!fed!and!multiplied. , within!a!week,!each!parasite!had!consumed!a!liver!cell!and!replicated! as!many!as!40,000!times. !at!this!point,!infected!cells!exploded!and!the! parasites!rebentered!methyline"s!blood!stream. !: before!long,!the!few!parasites!that!first!entered!methyline"s!body!had! grown!to!hundreds!of!thousands!of!invaders,!each!targeting!a!red! blood!cell,!which!it!consumed. , soon,!methyline!began!to!show!the!outward!symptoms!of!the! destruction!going!on!inside!her!frail!body,!including!headaches,! muscle!pain,!fever,!soaking!sweats,!and!seizures. !, some!of!the!parasites!made!their!way!to!methyline"s!brain,!where!they! latched!on,!causing!swelling!of!the!affected!brain!tissues. !, once!in!the!hospital,!methyline!fell!into!and!lay!in!a!coma!for!a!week,! on!the!verge!of!death,!her!small!back!firmly!arched,!her!thin!arms! made!rigid!by!the!disease. , treated!with!doses!of!quinine,!she!eventually!began!to!respond. In!cerebral!malaria,!there!is!a!buildbup!of!infected!blood!cells!in!the! narrow!blood!vessels!of!the!brain!causing!blood!flow!blockage!and!a!a! potentially!lethal!lack!of!oxygen!getting!to!the!brain. : research!shows!that!about!one!in!ten!children!suffer!neurological! impairments!after!cerebral!malaria,!including!epilepsy,!learning! disability,!loss!of!coordination,!or!impairments!to!speech, these!health!problems!also!can!lead!to!stigmatization!in!the! community!and!can!reduce!individuals"!capacity!for!work,!imposing! an!additional!economic!burdens. , malaria!is!the!reason!nearly!20!percent!of!all!zambian!babies!do!not! live!to!see!their!fifth!birthday. , notably,!as!many!as!100(million(extra(cases!of!malaria!occurred! worldwide!by!the!close!of!the!20th!century!than!would!have!occurred! without!global!warming, malaria!now!is!showing!up!in!places!it!was!never!seen!before!or!not! for!many!decades. !, houston!experienced!a!malaria!outbreak!in!recent!years,!and!cases! have!been!diagnosed!as!far!north!as!new!jersey,!queens,!new!york! and!michigan. ! In!2006,!almost!4,269!cases!of!west!nile!infection!and!177!west!nileb related!deaths!were!reported!in!the!united!states,!a!14%!increase! from!2005!and!the!greatest!number!of!new!cases!reported!since!2003. : while!many!west!nile!infections!are!not!life!threatening,!it!can!lead!to! encephalitis!(inflammation!of!the!brain). , the!north!american!outbreak!disclosed!novel!routes!of!transmission,! including!through!blood!transfusion,!organ!transplant,!intrauterine! exposure,!and!breast!feeding. ! !summer!on!record! doesn"t!surprise!epidemiologists!who!have!been!predicting!the!effects! of!climate!change!on!west!nile!for!over!a!decade. : humans!and!other!mammals!don"t!have!high!enough!numbers!of! viruses!in!their!blood!for!mosquitos!to!pick!up!the!infection!from! them!and!transmit!it!to!others,!which!is!why!we!are!considered! dead! end!hosts . !birds!are!the!true!host, researchers!are!now!investigating!suggestions!that!even!mild! infections!may!leave!another!lasting!burden! !kidney!disease, kristy!murray,!an!epidemiologist!and!clinical!researcher!at!baylor!