BIOL 1108 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Prokaryote, Cell Adhesion, Biogeography

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8 May 2018
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Core Concepts
• Complex multicellularity arose several times in evolution.
• In complex multicellular organisms, bulk flow circumvents
the limitations of diffusion.
• Complex multicellularity depends on cell adhesion,
communication, and a genetic program for development.
• Plants and animals evolved complex multicellularity
independently of each other, and solved similar problems
with different sets of genes.
• The evolution of large and complex multicellular
organisms, which required abundant oxygen, is recorded
by fossils.
Who is multicellular?
Of the 119 major groups of eukaryotes present
within the 7 superkingdoms… remember those?
83 contain only single-celled organisms
cells eat other microorganisms
ingest small organic particles
live suspended in water columns
are parasites living within other organisms
Evolution of complex multicellularity:
Four key points to keep in mind…
1.Complex multicellular organisms contain as many as a trillion
or more cells, or just a few, that work in close coordination.
2.The biological gulf between microbes and complex
multicellular organisms is enormous, but complex
multicellularity has evolved a half dozen times.
3.Most prokaryotic organisms are composed of a single cell,
although some form simple filaments or live in colonies.
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Document Summary

83 contain only single-celled organisms cells eat other microorganisms ingest small organic particles live suspended in water columns are parasites living within other organisms. 1. complex multicellular organisms contain as many as a trillion or more cells, or just a few, that work in close coordination. 2. the biological gulf between microbes and complex multicellular organisms is enormous, but complex multicellularity has evolved a half dozen times. 3. most prokaryotic organisms are composed of a single cell, although some form simple filaments or live in colonies. Surface area to volume (sa/v): stolen from wikipedia: sa:v of cells (and organisms) has enormous impact on biology. Ex. many aquatic microorganisms have increased sa to increase drag. This reduces rate of sinking and allows them to float with less energy expenditure: an increased surface area to volume ratio also increases exposure to the environment. Anemone and jellyfish tentacles are the result of increased surface area for the acquisition of food.

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