PVS 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Gram-Negative Bacteria, Gram Staining, Rumen

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champagnelocust442

20 Sep 2017

School

UConn

Department

Pathobiology and Veterinary Science

Course

PVS 1000

Professor

Sandra Bushmich

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Document Summary

Kingdom monera (usually) have one circular chromosome (some species have linear chromosomes) Gram stain - determines components of bacterial cell membranes. Can live free in environment (not all) Ex. herbivore rumen and large intestine part of the gi tract break down cellulose into volatile fatty acids digestible by the host animal. Ex. harmless bacteria on the skin and in intestines prevent harmful bacteria from colonizing. Symbionts: bacteria and host organism living together with complete dependence on each other. Rhizobacteria must exist in plant roots to survive produce nutrients the plant requires to survive. Bacteria can cause disease in the host organism. Ability to cause disease depends on: virulence of the bacteria (degree of disease producing power, robustness and appropriateness of the host"s immune response. Attach to other body cells so bacteria isn"t washed away (ex. Some bacteria produce extracellular slime to stick. Exotoxins: enzymes/proteins secreted by bacteria that have effects elsewhere in body.

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What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Question options:

	chromatin is one of two identical strands of DNA.
	chromosomes are chromatin that has been tightly packed and coiled.
	chromosomes are composed of nucleosomes and chromatin is composed of sister chromatids.
	chromosomes are important in mitosis and chromatin is essential to meiosis.

Bacterial cells only reproduce asexually and cannot exchange genetic material.

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	True, because they undergo binary fission.
	False, because they transfer genetic material with other bacterial cells.
	True, because they have a cell wall that prevents sharing of genetic material.

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	malignant tumors.
	benign tumors.
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Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

Question options:

	DNA is replicated.
	Replicated chromosomes divide.
	Cells line up along the equator of the cell.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Question options:

	prophase -- mitotic spindle forms
	metaphase -- chromosomes line up along the equator
	telophase -- cytoplasm divides

Why is hair loss a common side effect of cancer treatments?

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Hair cells are at the surface of the body so die easily.

Hair cells divide rapidly and so are targeted by the cancer drugs.

Cancer drugs often target and kill random cells within the body.

From "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer," how are endostatins used to treat cancerous cells?

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	They prevent angiogenesis by cancerous cells.
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21- All living things have 1 of 2 possible cell types. What are these two cell types and how is one type

distinguished from the other. Living organisms can be classified into 3 domains. What are the 3 domains.

22. Be familiar with the terms that describe the shape and arrangement of bacteria.

23. Be familiar with bacterial cell structure and function, including the external components of the cell, the

cell wall, the cell membrane, and internal structures.

24. What distinguishes a Gram-positive bacterium from a Gram-negative bacterium.

25. Microbial growth.

a. What are the physical requirements for growth.

b. What are the chemical requirements for growth.

c. How can bacteria be classified based on their oxygen requirements, temperature preferences, and pH preferences.

d. Bacterial cells divide by a process called binary fission.

e. What are the 4 phases of a typical bacterial growth curve.How does one measure bacterial growth.

26. Metabolism

a. catabolism versus anabolism

b. What are enzymes and how do they work.

c. What is an oxidation and what is a reduction.

d. fermentation versus respiration; What are the stages/steps of respiration/fermentation.

e. aerobic respiration versus anaerobic respiration

f. What is (are) the terminal electron acceptor(s) in fermentation and in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

harlequingnu888

Yellow seeds on a pea plant are an example of a/an ______.

Question 40 options:

element.

2)	phenotype.

3)	environmental factor.

genotype.

allele.

A plant that produces white flowers is crossed to a plant that produces orange flowers. All of the offspring produced white flowers. What can you conclude?

Question 41 options:

1)	Orange flower color is the dominant phenotype.

2)	White flower color is the dominant phenotype.

3)	The genes for flower color do not assort independently.

4)	The genes for flower color are on separate chromosomes.

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Question 42 (1 point)

What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?

Question 42 options:

Proteins

Enzymes

Cells

4)	Nucleotides

5)	Chromatids

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Question 43 (1 point)

Many modern-day trees are tall because ______.

Question 43 options:

1)	it is easier for tall tress to obtain water.

2)	tall tress obtain more sunlight, so they produce more offspring than short trees.

3)	tall trees offer less wind resistance.

4)	tall trees are less affected by disease.

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Question 44 (1 point)

An organismâs phenotype includes ______.

Question 44 options:

1)	its physical characteristics.

2)	its behavior.

3)	none of the above.

4)	both A and B.

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Question 45 (1 point)

Which of these is a correct order of taxonomic categories from less specific to more specific?

Question 45 options:

1)	Kingdom domain phylum order class family genus

2)	Domain phylum kingdom order class family genus

3)	Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus

4)	Domain kingdom class phylum order family genus

5)	Kingdom domain phylum class family order genus

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Question 46 (1 point)

In the scientific name of humans, Homo sapiens, the name âsapiensâ is the ______.

Question 46 options:

class.

species.

genus.

order.

family.

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Question 47 (1 point)

Cells occur singly and have a nucleus and other organelles, including chloroplasts. These cells move with flagella. They are ______.

Question 47 options:

bacteria.

protists.

archaea.

fungi.

5)	two of these are possible.

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Question 48 (1 point)

Cilia are ______.

Question 48 options:

1)	the cytoplasmic extensions or false feet used by some cell types for locomotion.

2)	different kinds of cells each designed to perform a different function.

3)	the circular chromosomes of bacteria.

4)	many short hair-like cellular extensions found on the surface of some protists.

5)	a few long whip-like extensions, used by protists for locomotion.

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Question 49 (1 point)

The state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes is called ______.

Question 49 options:

1)	autosomal.

dominant.

3)	polyploidy.

4)	aneuploidy.

5)	nondisjunction.

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Question 50 (1 point)

Which of the following occurs in mitosis but NOT in meiosis?

Question 50 options:

1)	Cells genetically identical to parents are made.

2)	Crossing over.

3)	Independent assortment of chromosomes.

4)	Pairing up of similar chromosomes during prophase.

Yellow seeds on a pea plant are an example of a/an ______.

Question 40 options:

element.

2)	phenotype.

3)	environmental factor.

genotype.

allele.

PVS 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Gram-Negative Bacteria, Gram Staining, Rumen

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