EEMB 40 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, Rna Virus

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browncod58

28 Nov 2016

School

UCSB

Department

Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Course

EEMB 40

Professor

Latto

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Document Summary

Kills about 30,000 to 40,000 people in the us each year. A fraction of the more vulnerable who get it, like young children and the elderly, will die from it. Influenza is the number 7 cause of death, and the leading cause of infectious disease in the us. In 1918, a new strain appeared that was more virulent than the typical flu. Killed about half a million people in the us. A molecule that can stimulate an immune response. The surface of a virus is a pattern of two alternating proteins. They have an extremely high mutation rate because a cycle of no error checking during replication. Only describes the proteins on the surface, not the actual strain itself. Measles have only one type of protein so if it mutates it"s stuck outside the cell which means lifelong immunity. The random accumulation of mutations in viral genes recognized by the immune system.

Related Questions

1. Unlike Ebola virus, SARS virus
a. has large spikes that look like a âcrownâ.
b. is enveloped.
c. is helical.
d. is in the family Togaviridae.
e. is a ssRNA virus.

2. Which virus or virus family is described in the followingpassage?
Electron micrographs of the hemagglutinin subunits (in the presenceof SDS) showed
rods approximately 40 Ã wide and 140 Ã long. The neuraminidasesubunits had a quite
different appearance. In the presence of SDS, these were seen asoblong structures about 85 Ã long and 50 Ã wide with a centrallyattached fibre 100 Ã long possessing what appeared to be a diffusetail or small knob about 40 Ã in diameter at its end.1
a. Togaviridae
b. Epstein-Barr virus
c. Smallpox virus
d. Orthomyxoviridae
e. Filoviridae
f. Rabies virus

3-Following is a passage from the New England Journal ofMedicine:
______________________ is an exclusively human herpesvirus that ...becomes latent in
cranial-nerve and dorsal-root ganglia, and frequently reactivatesdecades later to produce shingles and postherpetic neuralgia. Inimmunocompetent elderly persons or
immunocompromised patients, ____________________ may producedisease of the central nervous system.
This passage refers to which virus?
a. West Nile virus
b. Smallpox virus
c. Epstein-Barr virus
d. Ebola virus
e. Varicella-zoster virus

4. Pneumoviruses can cause colds and pneumonia in humans. They aresingle-stranded,
negative-sense, nonsegmented RNA viruses. These enveloped virusesare surrounded by an envelope that is characterized by fusionglycoproteins and host-derived proteins. With this knowledge, it islikely that pneumoviruses
a. enter host cells via endocytosis.
b. leave host cells by budding.
c. enter host cells via membrane fusion.
d. A and B
e. B and C

5. Recall that poliovirus is a positive-sense (+) ssRNA virus. The5â Ã ? 3â strand of RNA,
once uncoating has taken place, can serve as an mRNA and encode forviral proteins.
However, in order for the virus to create more +ssRNA to package indaughter viruses, it must
a. generate a dsRNA molecule that can encode for the synthesis ofmore +RNA.
b. integrate into the host cell DNA.
c. utilize an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to make aheteroduplex.
d. undergo reassortment
e. All of the above

6. Some influenza hosts, such as humans and pigs, cansimultaneously contract human,
avian and swine influenza viruses at the same time. What can occurduring the maturation phase of virus replication in such ahost?
a. Reassortment
b. RNA of all three sources: human, swine and avian, can bepackaged into a single
virion.
c. Genetic shift
d. All of the above

7. The HIV virion contains enzymes/proteins that do all of thefollowing EXCEPT
a. An enzyme that creates âDNA using +RNA as template.
b. A protein that serves as a chemokine receptor.
c. A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
d. An enzyme that allows +/- viral DNA to be spliced into the hostcellâs DNA.
e. A protein that mediates membrane fusion.

8. After a long series of biochemical tests, Kyle and Matt werefinally able to identify their Gram-negative unknowns asPseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae,
respectively. As they compare notes, they realize that theirunknowns are in the
___________ Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, respectively.However, they also note that both of their unknowns are in the______________ ? proteobacteria.
a. genera, species
b. phyla, family
c. families, class
d. order, phyla
e. classes, order

9-Hydrogenobaculum acidophilum is a resident of YellowstoneâsNorris Geyser basin. This thermoacidophilic microbe grows instringy, white mats and is a member of the phylum Aquificae.Hydrogenobaculum acidophilum
a. could be further researched in Volume 2 of Bergeyâs Manual ofSystematic
Bacteriology.
b. is in the domain Archaea.
c. is a deeply branching bacterium.
d. is a proteobacterium.
e. All of the above

10-After talking about the Group A Streptococci (GAS) and theircapability to sometimes cause a flesh-eating disease callednecrotizing fasciitis, Derek decides to research this group a bitmore. As he reads, he quickly learns that
a. they are microaerophilic Gram-negative rods.
b. they are in the phylum ?-proteobacteria.
c. they are found Volume 4 of Bergeyâs Manual of SystematicBacteriology.
d. they have less than 50 mol % GC content.
e. none of the above

Below is a paragraph describing HIV infection as they relate to the progress of infection. Please help choose the correct answer in each parentheses.

HIV initially infects (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells. These are helper T cells that activate (CD4+ or ,CD8+ or, B) cytotoxic T cells and (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells which produce antibodies. If HIV kills (CD4+, or CD8+) T cells then they cannot to do their job of activating these cells thus causing HIV infected people to be immunocompromised. Sometimes HIV infected people enter a latency period where the virus is inactive. This latency period can last for several years. During latency HIV (DNA, or RNA) becomes integrated into the (CD4+ or CD8+, or B) host cells genome and stops producing viral HIV RNA and new HIV virions. However, for some unknown reason, HIV comes out of dormancy and the viral (RNA, or DNA ) that was integrated in the (CD4+ , or CD8+,) T cell genome begins to transcribe more viral (DNA , or RNA) to make more viral (DNA, or RNA) using the host cells machinery. The viral (DNA, or RNA) then gets translated by host cell ribosomes to make viral proteins that eventually become packaged into new HIV virions. Consequently, after the latency period HIV becomes activated in the host cell. These cells present HIV antigen on their cell surface and alert (CD8+ or CD4+ or B) cells to kill them. As they are killed the infected (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells release the HIV virions into the blood stream to infect other (CD4+ or CD8+) cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. This explains why after latency we see (CD4+, or CD8+) T cells continue to decrease while at the same time viral (DNA, or RNA) levels increase.

Based on your answers to the fill in paragraph, which statement is true?

A. Once active in CD8+ T cells, HIV can now replicate with impunity and infect other cells which explains the increase in HIV RNA after latency.

B. The increase in active HIV after latency accounts for why HIV can remain dormant for years after the initial infection.

C. CD4+ levels stabilize after the latency period and explain why there is little increase in HIV RNA levels.

D. Opportunist infections can occur after HIV latency because there are very few helper T cells to left to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to mount an immune response.

EEMB 40 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, Rna Virus

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