HIST 2B Lecture 4: History 2B 4
30 Jan 2017
School
Department
Course
Professor
History 2B
January 25, 2017
Key Terms:
The Crusader States (1099-1291)
Salah al-Din (1137/8-1193)
Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
Reconquista
Factors produced the Crusades
• Economic, demographic growth and emergence of papacy as leader of Latin
Christians
How did the crusades impact relations between Latin Christendom and its neighbors?
• Greater interconnectivity via the Mediterranean as well as deep-seated fear and
hatred of Latin Christians (“Franks”) by Greek Orthodox, Muslim populations
The Crusades
• Cruces signati: “those signed by the cross”
• Pilgrimage: journey to a holy site, with spiritual benefits
o Usually unarmed
o Places: Jerusalem, Rome
o Knights and warrior elite go on pilgrimage to expiate sins
• Crusades: armed pilgrimage
Christian Holy War: Antecedents
• Heraclius I (r.610-41): holy war v. Zoroastrian Persia
• Byzantine- Arab warfare
o Arab conquered Byzantine empire
o Believed God wanted a war against non-Christians
• Muslim Sicily, al-Andalus
o Islam vs. Christian religious war
Europe in 1095
• A patchwork of small kingdoms
o King of France has trouble getting warrior elites to do his bidding. Doesn’t
have much power
o Nobles are the main participants of the first crusade
• Power is local, rural
o Power comes in strongholds (castles)
• Elites: local lords, warriors; religious specialists (bishops, monks, priests)
o Clerical elite vs. military elite
The Gregorian Reform Movement 1075-1095
• Ecclesiastical v. political power
• Pope Gregory VII (r. 1073-1085)
o Believed that church controls lands and resources, religious appointments
• Contest with German Emperor, Henry IV
o Maintained tight control over his bishops
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Document Summary
Factors produced the crusades: economic, demographic growth and emergence of papacy as leader of latin. How did the crusades impact relations between latin christendom and its neighbors: greater interconnectivity via the mediterranean as well as deep-seated fear and hatred of latin christians ( franks ) by greek orthodox, muslim populations. The crusades: cruces signati: those signed by the cross , pilgrimage: journey to a holy site, with spiritual benefits, usually unarmed, places: jerusalem, rome, knights and warrior elite go on pilgrimage to expiate sins, crusades: armed pilgrimage. Christian holy war: antecedents: heraclius i (r. 610-41): holy war v. zoroastrian persia, byzantine- arab warfare, arab conquered byzantine empire, believed god wanted a war against non-christians, muslim sicily, al-andalus, islam vs. christian religious war. Europe in 1095: a patchwork of small kingdoms, king of france has trouble getting warrior elites to do his bidding.
