BICD 110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, Signal Transduction, Peptide
28 Jun 2018
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BICD110 Lecture 13 Notes 5/17/18
- The Basics of Cell Signaling
oCell releases signal (can be small or large molecules), which travels a
distance and is received by receptor on different cell
oSets in motion modification of cellular metabolism, function, and
movement, or modification of gene expression or development
oSome things that are activated can repress further responses
- Types of signaling
oEndocrine signaling: hormones that act at long distances
Gland secretes hormones into blood vessels, which
travel slowly through body (takes minutes)
Ex: insulin from pancreas secreted into blood and
travels to muscle cells, causing them to take up glucose
oParacrine signaling: signal things nearby; adjacent target cells
Travels short distances (< 1 mm)
Ex: nerve on muscles goes through development and embryogenesis.
Signals nearby undifferentiated cells to differentiate into muscles or neurons
Synaptic signaling: type of paracrine signaling
very fast; travels very short distances (< 100 nm)
ex: neuron firing onto a muscle cell causes it to contract extremely quickly
oAutocrine signaling: signals itself; fast
Ex: prominent in tumor cells and immune cells
oSignaling by plasma membrane-attached proteins
A membrane-attached signal on one cell, when bound to another cell, can
induce a signal in that 2nd cell
Ex: in the immune system, a virally infected cell can cause a T cell to alter its action
oPheromone signaling
Signaling over great distances
Ex: used in mating and dominance
Signaling through the air (moths, rats) or water (yeast)
oKairomone signaling
Kairomones: signals from one species to another, benefitting the recipient species
but not the sender
oChemotaxis: movement of organism in response to signal
- 2 general types of signals
owater soluble signals: hydrophilic molecules that bind to cell surface receptors
olipid-soluble signals: steroids, hydrophobic molecules that go through PM and bind to
cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
- 2 classes of receptors
ocell-surface receptors
ointracellular receptors
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Document Summary
Types of signaling: endocrine signaling: hormones that act at long distances. Gland secretes hormones into blood vessels, which travel slowly through body (takes minutes) Ex: insulin from pancreas secreted into blood and travels to muscle cells, causing them to take up glucose: paracrine signaling: signal things nearby; adjacent target cells. Ex: nerve on muscles goes through development and embryogenesis. Signals nearby undifferentiated cells to differentiate into muscles or neurons. Synaptic signaling: type of paracrine signaling very fast; travels very short distances (< 100 nm) ex: neuron firing onto a muscle cell causes it to contract extremely quickly: autocrine signaling: signals itself; fast. Ex: prominent in tumor cells and immune cells: signaling by plasma membrane-attached proteins. A membrane-attached signal on one cell, when bound to another cell, can induce a signal in that 2nd cell. Ex: in the immune system, a virally infected cell can cause a t cell to alter its action: pheromone signaling.
