PSYC 122 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Ontogeny, Falsifiability, Natural Selection
Psyc 122 Mechanisms of animal behavior
Lecture 1
1/8/2018
4 questions
- Function
- Phylogeny
- Mechanism
- Ontogeny
Lecture 2
1/10/2018
Evolution: mechanisms od selection
- Controversy
o Charles Darwin The Origin of Species
o What is a theory?
▪ Conjecture 推測 and refutation
▪ Theory is a set of hypotheses that are falsifiable
- What is evolution?
o A change in genome of a population of organisms over generations
o How does the change take place?
- The mechanisms of evolution
o Natural selection
▪ History
• Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
• Darwin
o Darwin’s oyage of the Beagle
o Dari’s Galapagos fihes study
o He waited more evidence before publishing the origin of
species
• Wallace
o inspired by Darwin and work as a collector
o work at amazon and Malaysia/ Indonesia
o he sent letter to Darwin telling him to publish
• Tenets of Selection
o Variability in traits
o Heritability of traits
o Reproductive success
▪ Natural Selection
• Traits that Increase the likelihood of individual survival
• Peter and rosemary grant
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o Works on finches
o How does traits fihes hae he there’s a draught
(1977)?
▪ Finches get bigger after the draught coz small ones
get killed and only the bigger one has baby
▪ As the rainfall remain normally the size shifted back
o Sexual Selection
▪ Sexual Selection
• Traits that favor the competition of mate // traits that different
between males and females
• Likelihood of reproducing
• Same tenets of selection as natural selection
• Intrasexual selection:
o Competition between same sex
o Stronger for males
o E.g. bower birds
▪ Compete by building bowers in order to attract
females
• Intersexual selection:
o Choosing a mate
o Stronger for female
o Create variability
o FA: deviation of symmetries
▪ Coz symmetries are sometimes indicator of health
▪ For primate: faces symmetry
o Gene Flow
▪ Gene Flow
• Passive movement of genetic makeup from one population to
another
• Gene flow from Europe to Asia (Old World and New world)
o Mutation
• Error in DNA replication (coz by viruses chemicals etc)
• Some individuals die early
o E.g. Drosophila
o Founders effect
• Something happened and the population split into smaller
populations
• Probably coz my physical
o E.g. island
• Or cultural
o E.g. penn amish and ellis-van syndrome
- Interactive between the mechanisms
o Evolution
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Do’t usually ork i isolatio
▪ E.g. Tungara frog (sexual and natural selection)
• Chucks attract female (for sexual selection) but same time attract
predators (natural selection)
Lecture 3
1/12/18
Speciation
- History
o Almost all species are invertebrates (97%)
o Vertebrates are 3%
o Alfred russel wallace & Darwin
▪ They wanna know why is it that there are so many species
▪ On the origin of species
- What is species?
o Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
o ^ wolf + dog; lion + tiger= ligers
▪ biological species concept
• we defined a species by a group of reproductively isolated species
that can produce viable offspring
• Reproductive isolation >> thru behavior; habitat
• Reproductive isolation
o Behavior
▪ E.g. of Yellowstone wolf killed all the coyote (they
hate each other)
▪ E.g. the great apes (chimp [24] + human [23] can’t
coz of the # of chromosomes)
• Humans are equally related to chimpanzee
and bonobo
o Habitat
▪ E.g. Tanzania ga ngorongoro crater > lion has short
and spiky mane
▪ E.g. the great apes > bonobo and chimps separated
by a river
- Processes of speciation
o Allopatric speciation
▪ Population isolated coz of geographic separation
▪ E.g. salamander around the mountain range (some have dots)
o Parapatric speciation
▪ What you get is a subset and it gets into a new niche; they separated coz
some is in the other niche
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Controversy: charles darwin the origin of species, what is a theory, conjecture and refutation, theory is a set of hypotheses that are falsifiable. Intrasexual selection: competition between same sex, stronger for males, e. g. bower birds, compete by building bowers in order to attract. Drosophila: founders effect, something happened and the population split into smaller populations, probably coz my physical, e. g. island, or cultural. Interactive between the mechanisms: evolution, e. g. penn amish and ellis-van syndrome, do(cid:374)"t usually (cid:449)ork i(cid:374) isolatio(cid:374, e. g. Tungara frog (sexual and natural selection: chucks attract female (for sexual selection) but same time attract predators (natural selection) History: almost all species are invertebrates (97%, vertebrates are 3, alfred russel wallace & darwin, they wanna know why is it that there are so many species. Tanzania ga ngorongoro crater > lion has short and spiky mane: e. g. the great apes > bonobo and chimps separated by a river.
