ENWC201 Lecture 17: Protected Areas

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The number one threat to terrestrial wildlife:
Habitat loss
Protected areas also limit overexploitation
Not as effective for pollution and invasiveness
They don’t pay attention to boundaries
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Not a new concept:
We've been protecting landscapes for a long time
Sherwood forest
Set aside landscape for deer
Not a national park because it is for a specific species
Yellowstone was first national park 1864
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Royal park
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Kruger
®
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These parks were not always preserved for wildlife
Set up to preserve views
Protected areas
PA's are critical to conserving many species
They are a component of most national or regional strategies for
conservation
A requirement of various agreements/conventions
IUCN Classification of Protected Areas
Category I:
Only Primitive Recreation
Primary focus is on biodiversity, ecosystem processes/services
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Category Ia: strict nature reserves (research)
Areas are strictly for preserving nature
The only human interaction should be for research
Hakala strict nature reserve
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Category Ib: Wilderness Areas
Primarily conservation, but a little recreation within them
No bikes, wheels, etc - only hiking, maybe camping
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Allegheny islands wilderness
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Category II and III:
Recreation allowed
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But limited direct exploitation
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Category II: National Parks
Dual mandate: Ecosystems and Recreation
Supposed to focus on ecosystems, but also recreation
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Category III: National Monuments
Like small national parks, focused on some feature
Protecting views
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Natural Features and Recreation
(smaller scale than parks)
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Category IV: Habitat management area
Active management/intervention of wildlife
1,000 elk fed - supporting higher elk populations because
their crops were harvested by humans
Allow hunting, etc
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Category V: protected landscape/seascape
More heavily involved human use
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Natural and Cultural area of distinct value
Migratory bird flyway
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People can live the way they want to live, while also protecting the
ecosystem
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Category VI: Managed resource protected area
Sustainable use
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Grazing of cattle for Maasi
Want to protect their sustainable use, so you protect the area
but allow the people who were using it to sustainably use the
area, ex to graze cattle
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Still has black rhino (Tanzania)
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Other classifications
In addition to categories I-IV:
Biospheres reserves
Putting types of protected areas together
®
Core area - no recreation
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Buffer zone - more research, tourism, etc
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Transition area - people living here, more resources
used
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Ex: greater Yellowstone area!
Biosphere reserve
Backcountry of Yellowstone
Want it to be classified as wilderness
Need a permit to get in
Core of the biosphere reserve
}
National park is outside of the core - buffer
zone
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Forests outside are the transition zone
}
All still protected
}
Yellowstone is also a world heritage site
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Ramsar wetlands
The conservation and wise use of all wetlands
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World heritage sites
Outstanding universal value to all the peoples of the
world
Yellowstone
®
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Marine protected areas are up and coming
Result in better fish harvesting
Benefits:
Fish can grow in numbers
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Healthy coral
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Issues with Protected Areas
Issues with Scale
You are not protecting things outside your boundaries when you
create a protected area
Spray toad - can only live in the Kihansi falls
Dam built outside of protected area cut off water to waterfall
Created an artificial waterfall
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Species require too much landscape and move too much to protect
them in one area
Migratory species in Tanzania
Reserve Systems: a series of strategically placed reserves
designed to connect habitats
Connect the protected areas where the animals will
travel through
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Tanzania has the most protected areas of anywhere in the
world - 38% country
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"paper parks" - by legislation an area is assigned protection, but in
reality they receive little, or no, resources for actual
implementation. They are protected on paper, but not in reality
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How well do they work?
Sometimes the money and resources are available, but protection is still
difficult to achieve
Have to get even more creative
Poaching of rhinos in Kruger
Paper parks can exist even where there are a lot of resources
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Future needs
What should be protected, what is enough?
Strategic placement vs Ad Hoc
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GAP - Cant only protect the things that are in danger "keep common
species common"
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Is enough already protected?
Estimated 3-11 billion dollars per year for 30 years to be ecologically
representative
90-330 billion dollars total!
The longer we wait the less options we have
Protected Areas
Saturday, May 12, 2018
8:22 PM
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Document Summary

We"ve been protecting landscapes for a long time. Not a national park because it is for a specific species. Part set aside by act of dedication as a pleasuring ground. No park service when it was first established. Over time there was poaching and the army was sent in to protect the boundaries until a park service was established. These parks were not always preserved for wildlife. They are a component of most national or regional strategies for conservation. The only human interaction should be for research. Primarily conservation, but a little recreation within them. No bikes, wheels, etc - only hiking, maybe camping. Supposed to focus on ecosystems, but also recreation. Like small national parks, focused on some feature. Natural features and recreation (smaller scale than parks) 1,000 elk fed - supporting higher elk populations because their crops were harvested by humans. People can live the way they want to live, while also protecting the ecosystem.

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