PSYC100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 34: Milkshake, Ghrelin, Multiple Comparisons Problem
14 May 2018
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Department
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■ Have multiple comparison groups-
not only have a group that had an
intervention bc there is no control or
comparison group that did not have
an intervention so the results can be
compared
■ All people involved are blind (don’t
know hypothesis or purpose) to the
purposes of the study and the
hypothesis to the study- if purpose is
known then behaviors as therapist
will change which can then change
the patient’s behavior; even people
who assess the symptoms should be
blind to purpose and hypothesis-
reduce expectancy effects
➢ Why do i need multiple comparison groups
■ No evidence to test if intervention
was effective otherwise
➢ Early foundations with caregivers sets the
path for the rest of development
■ Conduct disorders- people
committing crimes, purposely
violent- sometimes intervention with
these people do not work, but then
someone comes and says they have
a new intervention-rebirthing-wrap
kid in heavy blanket, mimics birthing
process, when they come out from
blanket they will no longer
experience the severity of the
disorder-many kids were suffocated
to death-shows bias and desperation
to cure child and to trust doctors
❖ Review questions
➢ During class we learned that schizophrenia affects about 1 percent of the
american population. These numbers are usually obtained by data
collected from nationwide surveys. This finding most likely results from
which type of study design?
■ descriptive
➢ You hear someone say, “he went in entry in trying ting sighing dying ding
dong dangles dashing dancing ding-a-ling!” which category of symptoms
of schizophrenia does this example best represent?
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■ Positive symptoms-disorganized speech-claim associations-word
salad
➢ Research evidence provides support that it is important that babies be
socially engaged with and actively explore their words. What process in
the developing brain might be affected by socially and exploration?
■ Further Synaptogenesis, more synaptic connections
(strengthening)
❖ Shift in Models of Health
➢ Changing nature of illness
■ Acute illness- very specific biological cause and can be very easily
treated my medicine; Ex: influenza
■ Chronic illnesses- long-lasting diseases, gradual onset, and to be
treated-not a cure but a management of symptoms; Ex: Diabetes;
treatment is not as simple as medicine
■ Biopsychosocial model- understand that illnesses are chronic and
do not have simple biological roots we have to take the
biopsychosocial model; in order to target these issues and
diseases you have to target all the different factors
■ Obesity
● Biological-genetic predisposition; individual differences in
the level of metabolism
● Psychological- health knowledge-not good at estimating
how many calories we are eating
● Social- stress; what you have access to eat or what mother
eats while child in womb; cultural or family norms to finish
everything on your plate; family environment;cultural
expectations as to what is perceived as acceptable body
weight or beauty-impacts self esteem and weight gain;
marketing and branding-embedding of advertisements
❖ The Mind-Body Connection- what your thinking and what your body is feeling
➢ Metabolic science
■ Is it as simple as “calories in, calories out”
● Not this simple
■ Ghrelin-hunger hormone
● Higher ghrelin=more hunger
■ Ex: milkshake study- all participants receives 300 calorie bottle
milkshake; randomly assigned into 1 of 2 conditions-either
receiving milkshake with wrapper marked as unhealthy and 600
calories, other group received same milkshake with wrapper that
said it was healthy and only 140 calories-changed expectations
about what was consumed which changes what is going on in
your mind; measured ghrelin levels at the end of the study-
dependent variable; saw differences in ghrelin even though
everyone was consuming the same milkshake; “indulgent” shake-
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ghrelin levels go down vs. “healthy” shake where ghrelin levels
went up-shows that what you are thinking about what you’re
consuming can impact how your body responses, will eat more if
you’re expecting that something you are eating is less calories
■ Placebo “I shall please” Effect- drugs, treatments and therapies
that are fake and not supposed to have an effect make people
think that they feel better; mimic the real treatments; sugar pills in
many studies; half the people in experiments usually had the
placebo pill and the other half had the real pill; expectations of
getting better trigger physiological responses-may lead to patients
not taking part in treatments and medicines that might actually
help them, they say they feel better with placebo to please doctor,
anticipation of treatment change levels of hormones in body that
relieve pain but placebos eventually wear off and are short term
changes, makes you feel a little better in short term and engage in
positive behaviors for your health, often a control group, ethical
concern= withheld treatment from person with illness, on waiting
list for intervention, no one with immediate concerns
■ Nocebo Effect-creating negative symptoms from drug, still beliefs
that there will be side effects and you will get the negative effects
(expectations of negative outcomes get it), effects could be due to
interactions with medical professional, when parents describe
treatments to their kids with cancer when parents focus on the
positive side of treatment kid reports less pain than parents that
discuss the pain the kid will feel after the child tends to report
more pain; need all three factors of psych model to be effective
➢ Clicker question- drug clinical trials use experimental research designs to
take the placebo effect into account. Which graph of a research finding
would best support the claim that the drug is effective at reducing pain?
■ Bar graph (average pain severity on the y axis)= placebo bar is
taller than the drug bar
● Drug is more effective which means it’s reducing the pain
more than expectations
❖ Stress
➢ Is an environment pressure (perceived threat, you evaluate what is a
stressful event)
■ Eustress- positive events in our life can kick up stress (wedding is
stressful, but a challenge to plan)
■ Distress- negative stress, overwhelmed
● Two forms
◆ Major life stressors= death of loved one, moving
homes, divorce of parents, big events that change
the rest of your life and have big impacts
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Have multiple comparison groups- not only have a group that had an intervention bc there is no control or comparison group that did not have an intervention so the results can be compared. Why do i need multiple comparison groups. Early foundations with caregivers sets the was effective otherwise path for the rest of development. During class we learned that schizophrenia affects about 1 percent of the american population. These numbers are usually obtained by data collected from nationwide surveys. Research evidence provides support that it is important that babies be salad socially engaged with and actively explore their words. Acute illness- very specific biological cause and can be very easily treated my medicine; ex: influenza. Chronic illnesses- long-lasting diseases, gradual onset, and to be treated-not a cure but a management of symptoms; ex: diabetes; treatment is not as simple as medicine.
