ANT 2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: List Of Muppets, Imperial Cult, Joyce Marcus

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Allows anthropologists to go back in time to study early stages of development. Elman service, 1962: continue evolutionary approach, but changed stages and characteristics of each stage, societies could be classified in the following categories = band, tribe, chiefdom, state/civilization. Small groups related by family and marriage; typically mobile hunter/gatherers. Key traits = informal leadership; division of labor along lines of sex and age; concepts of territoriality and descent weakly developed. Larger groups of settled farmers or pastoralists who believe they share descent from a common ancestor, but who lack centralized control or a strongly developed social hierarchy. Key traits = ancestor worship; lineage descent; ephemeral leadership; sodalities (groups base camaraderie other than kinship) or fraternal order. Thousands of individuals organized into lineages ruled by a chief within an institutionalized hierarchy of rank and status (beginning to see difference between have and have-nots) Key traits = economic redistribution; nobility/commoners; full time religious specialists.

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