APK 2105C Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Electron Shell, Cell Membrane, Amphiphile
23 May 2018
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Chapter 2, Part 1
The Cell: Structure & Function
• Biomolecules
o Formed by living organisms
o Contain carbon
▪ Great for making complex structures
▪ Only has 4 electrons in its valence shell
• Valence shell could have 8 electrons
• Allows to make connects with other atoms in 4 different ways
o Types of biomolecules
▪ Nucleic acids
▪ Proteins
▪ Carbohydrates
• Polar molecules = H2O soluble
• Glucose = blood sugar
• Monosaccharides = polymer subunits
o Glucose
o Fructose
o Galactose
• Disaccharides
o Sucrose
▪ Glucose
▪ Fructose
o Lactose
▪ Galactose
▪ Glucose
o Covalently bonded together
• Polysaccharides
o Glycogen = stores glucose molecules within muscle and
liver cells
▪ Made up of only glucose molecules
▪ Lipids = fat molecules
• Non-polar molecules = do NOT dissolve in H2O
o Have to be dissolved in lipid based substance to get them
to break apart
• Some have polar functional group which gives them a polar end
AND non-polar end = amphipathic
• Makes up majority of plasma membranes
• Types of lipids
o Triglycerides = glycerol backbones + 3 FAs
▪ Usually what is considered dietary fats
▪ Nonpolar structure
▪ Not amphipathic
o Phospholipids
▪ Contain a phosphate group
▪ Make up plasma membrane
▪ Polar head (hydrophilic), glycerol backbone, 2
nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails
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