APK 2105C Lecture Notes - Lecture 46: Adrenal Gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid
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16 Jun 2018
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Chapter 6, Lecture 2
Endocrine Glands & Hormones
• Pineal gland (the third eye)
o Located in the brain
o Singular structure in the brain (a lot of other things in the brain have 2 halves—
NOT the pineal gland)
o Very small—large rice
▪ Pinecone shaped
o MELATONIN
▪ Helps regulate circadian rhythm
▪ Receives input from visual stimuli to release melatonin
• Thyroid and parathyroid gland
o Larynx = Adam’s apple
▪ Thyroid gland sits right underneath/behind
o Thyroid gland
▪ Secretes T3 and T4
• Regulate metabolism, growth, development
▪ Secretes calcitonin
• Decreases blood Ca levels
▪ Butterfly shaped
▪ On the back of each side are parathyroid glands
o Parathyroid glands
▪ Release PTH (parathyroid hormone)
• Increases blood Ca levels
• Stimulate osteoclast production
• Thymus gland
o Secretes thymosin
▪ Regulates T cell production/maturation which are important for proper
immune function
o Very large in infants—shrivels in adults to very small size
o In the chest
• Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
o On top of the kidneys
o Triangular shape
o Outer and inner portion
▪ Outer portion = cortex
• 3 layers that are responsible for secreting different hormones
• Secretes a class of hormones called adrenocorticoids
o Steroid hormones
o Mineralcorticoids
▪ ALDOSTERONE
▪ Regulates Na reabsorption and K secretion in
kidneys
o Glucocorticoids
▪ CORTISOL
▪ Regulate stress response, substrate metabolism,
BG levels
o Sex hormones
▪ ANDROGENS
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