MCB 2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Endospore, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmotic Pressure
Lecture 6
• Cell membranes
o Cell membranes are selectively permeable—only let certain things in and out
o Cell membrane has fluid mosaic model
▪ The membrane is not rigid
o Simple diffusion
o Facilitated diffusion through a nonspecific transporter
o Facilitated diffusion through a specific transporter
o Osmosis through an aquaporin
▪ Osmotic pressure = the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure
solvent to prevent it from moving into a given cell
• Usually use to express the concentration of the soln
• Osmosis = movement of water into and out of a cell
o Movement of water depends on what is on the outside of the cell
o Isotonic = water conc on inside and outside is same
▪ Cell remains same shape
▪ No movement of water
o Hypotonic = water conc on inside of cell is lower than on outside
▪ Solute concentration on inside of cell is higher
▪ Water moves into cell
▪ Cell swells—may burst
▪ Cell walls help keep the cells from bursting
o Hypertonic = water conc on inside is higher than on outside
▪ Solute concentration on inside of cell is lower
▪ Water moves out of cell
▪ Cell shrinks
▪ In high salt and sugar solns, bacteria cannot grow—why we pickle things
and make jams/jellies
• Endospores
o Some bacteria can go into a dormant state when conditions become too harsh =
endospore
o Steps in forming an endospore = sporulation
▪ Spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and small amt of
cytoplasm
▪ Plasma membrane starts to surround new DNA, cytoplasm and
membrane isolated in step 1
▪ Spore septum surrounds isolated portion—forms forespore
▪ Peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes
▪ Spore coat forms
▪ Endospore is freed from cell
o When conditions normalize, cell becomes a vegetate through germination to
become active again
o Clostridium and Bacillus do this
• Bacterial cell overview
o External structures
▪ Appendages
• Flagella (movement)
• Pilli (attachment)
• Fimbriae (attachement)
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