BCMB 3100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: High Fructose Corn Syrup, Mexican Coke, Aldehyde

44 views2 pages

salmonweasel433

19 Sep 2016

School

University of Georgia

Department

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Course

BCMB 3100

Professor

Dr.Lemons

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Unit 2: carbohydrates and glycolysis: 9/15 10/6. Enzymes; enzymes help regulate metabolism: those reactions that transform energy source fuels into cellular energy are called. __enzymes__: those reactions that require energy such as the synthesis of glucose, fats, or dna are called __anabolism and catabolism__. Chemistry of carbohydrates: the predominant forms of many sugars in solution are not open chains, 6 carbon sugars. Not all groups have the same first carbon- aldehyde carbon vs. ketone carbon: aldehyde + alcohol hemicetal. Obesity & diabetes facts: type 2 diabetes are supposed to rise by 7. 7% by 2030, processed food stuffed with lots of components. There is an increase in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which provide an easy vehicle for excessive sugar intake and have been directly linked to the risk of obesity. Figure 1: year by year, there is an increase of diabetes; the number and percent are vastly increasing.

Related Questions

1.When something appears blue, it is absorbing all colors except__________.

yellow

blue

red

green

orange

2.During heavy exercise, lactic acid can build up in ourmuscles. Why? How does this resemble the metabolism of bacteria andyeast?

lactic acid is results from insufficient oxygen during sugarmetabolism; it is fermentation

lactic acid accumulates when we are dehydrated; bacteria andyeast use the same pathway

lactic acid is built up from carbon dioxide; bacteria and yeaststore energy in this way

3.Why must a cell keep a similar concentration of dissolvedsubstances with the fluid surrounding them?

to avoid dilution of potential energy

to avoid osmotic imbalance and rapid gain or loss of water

to maintain the correct amount of dehydration and hydrolysis

4.What is entropy?

the amount of energy in a system

the amount of disorganization

the amount of organization

5.Burning a log is the reverse reaction found in photosynthesis.What products would be formed in burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen and water

6.The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur stepby step instead of a single, big reaction is

cells don't store enough oxygen

too much energy would be released for the cell to harness

cells don't have many mitochondria.

cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration veryslowly

7.Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to:

raise activation energy

lower activation energy

supply activation energy

supply the reactants

8.When ATP powers a reaction it becomes ADP. The ADP

can reform ATP by an exergonic reaction

is a waste product for lysosomal breakdown

can reform ATP by an endergonic reaction

can reform ATP by an oxidation reaction

can reform ATP by an equilibrium reaction

9.The energy source that drives photosynthesis is

water

glucose

carbon dioxide

oxygen

sunlight

10. What is the process by which enzymes regulate their ownactivity?

osmosis

self-propulsion

feedback inhibition

11.Coupled reactions are reactions in which a

endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

12.How is water used in photosynthesis?

as a substrate for ATP synthase

as an electron donor

to combine with ADP forming ATP

as an electron acceptor

13.Why are the âDark Reactionsâ of photosynthesis referred to asâDarkâ?

they do not require light

they can only occur at night

they generate excess sugar and the leaves turn brown

14.What is the difference between potential and kineticenergy?

potential is stored, kinetic is being used

potential is being used, kinetic is ready to be used

potential is negative, kinetic is positive

15.The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glucose, water, and ATP

glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP

oxygen, ATP, and water

carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

16.All of the following are correct about energy except:

The biological world gets its energy from the sun.

Chemical bonds store potential energy.

A boulder perched on a hill has kinetic energy.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

All forms of energy can be converted to heat.

17.What is needed for the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate,to enter the citric acid cycle?

More glucose for energy

ATP

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

18.The enzyme that forms a transmembrane channel in mitochondriaand phosphorylates ADP

a carrier protein

ATP synthase

acetyl CoA

19.Fermentation is most common in

plants

microorganisms

animals

20.During adsorption of sunlight by photosystems, H+ ions aregenerated. Where do they come from? What are they used for?

from the breakdown of sugar; they help form water

water; they help form sugar

from carbon dioxide; they help dissolve NaCl

21.Glycolysis

does not use oxygen

uses oxygen

uses carbon dioxide

22.Photosynthesis is

not dependent on chlorophyll

a process that produces glucose and oxygen

a process that produces water and carbon dioxide

23.Breakdown of glucose generates many ATP molecules, each ofwhich can be used independently. Why is ATP ideally suited to powerbiological reactions?

ATP has many hydrogen bonds

ATP has enough energy to power one biological reaction

ATP readily dissolves in water

24.Objects that are not actively moving but have the capacity todo so are said to possess:

kinetic energy

entropy

potential energy

living energy

25.The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________,takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

photorespiration

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

oxidation

26.Diffusion

requires energy

utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane

moves molecules against a concentration gradient

does not require energy

cannot occur without a membrane present

27.What is the name of the molecule on which an enzymeworks?

substrate

monomer

polymer

28.ATP contains

phenylalanine

two phosphate groups

three nitrate groups

three phosphate groups

29.How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?

by absorbing carbon dioxide

by absorbing the sun's energy

by absorbing water

30.Objects that are moving are said to possess:

living energy

potential energy

entropy

kinetic energy

31.The respiration pathway that evolved first is probably

glycolysis

aerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

32.The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

oxygen

sunlight

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

33.Burning wood generates heat and light. What type of reactionis this?

exergonic

kinetic energy

endergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

34.What is meant by a âcoupled reactionâ in terms of energy?

many poymers are built simultaneously

energy released by one reactions powers another reaction

some reactions occur in the same organelle

35.The First Law of Thermodynamics states:

energy is constantly being created by entropy events

energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed

energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy'sactions on it

energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy

36.How do we dispose of the carbon derived from the glucose thatis metabolized during respiration?

by breathing out

via our urine

it is broken down in lysosomes

37.Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because theyboth

carry on respiration

carry on photosynthesis.

require water

38.What is Activation Energy?

the energy needed to initiate a reaction

the energy that transports water into cells

potential energy

39.If you put a plant in a chamber and shine a light on it

oxygen will decrease and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen will increase and carbon dioxide will decrease

oxygen and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen and carbon dioxide will decrease

40.What are the inputs and the output molecules for the overallphotosynthetic process?

input sugar and oxygen; output carbon dioxide and water

input oxygen and water; output sugar and carbon dioxide

input carbon dioxide and water;output sugar and oxygen

41.What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

endergonic

kinetic energy

exergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

42.In the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into a pairof three-carbon molecules called

lactate

pyruvate

acetyl CoA

ATP

alcohol

43.Entropy is

order

disorder

complexity

Both order and disorder are correct

Both complexity and disorder are correct

44.Glycolysis takes place in the _____________ and the citricacid cycle and electron transport chain take place in the___________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria, chloroplast

mitochondria; cytoplasm

cytoplasm; mitochondria

45.The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants isthe

mitochondria

chloroplast

ribosome

chlorophylllysosome

46.The energy to power the Calvin cycle comes from

cellular respiration

oxygen

the light reactions of photosynthesis

47.Which of the following can be broken down into intermediateproducts that enter cellular respiration?

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

All of these.

48.When cellular product levels get too high, the responsibleenzyme is inhibited. This is an example of

promotion

denaturation

equilibrium

a coenzyme

feedback inhibition

49.How is respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?

respiration breaks sugar down to carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbuilds sugar from carbon dioxide

respiration builds sugar from carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbreaks sugar down to carbon dioxide

respiration requires energy input; photosynthesis gives offexcess energy

50.The molecule that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis is

oxygen

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

sunlight

amaranthbear841

Biochemistry Review Questions

What is the classification of the compound shown here?

A) an aldohexose B) a ketohexose C) an aldopentose D) a ketopentose

2. In a disaccharide, the CâO bond that joins the two rings together is called _____.

A) a hemiacetal B) a glycosidic linkage C) an alditol D) an anomer

3. What is the structure of amylopectin?

A) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¡-glycoside linkages

B) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¡-glycoside linkages

C) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¢-glycoside linkages

D) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1ï®4-ï¢-glycoside linkages

4. In a disaccharide, the CâO bond that joins the two rings together is called _____.

A) a hemiacetal B) a glycosidic linkage C) an alditol D) an anomer

5. Which type of linkage between the two rings is in the structure shown?

A) 1Â®4-b-glycoside linkage D) 1Â®1-a-glycoside linkage

B) 1Â®4-a-glycoside linkage E) 1Â®2-b-glycoside linkage

C) 1Â®1-b-glycoside linkage

6. What is the structure of cellulose?

A) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-a-glycoside linkages

B) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-a-glycoside linkages

C) unbranched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-b-glycoside linkages

D) branched skeleton of glucose molecules joined by 1Â®4-b-glycoside linkages

7. Which amino acid is a basic amino acid?

A) serine B) arginine C) cysteine D) alanine E) valine

8. What monosaccharide is found in cellulose, starch, and glycogen?

A) glucose

B) galactose

C) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

D) fructose

E) More than one of the monosaccharides above is found in cellulose, starch, and glycogen.

9. Which is not a reducing sugar?

A) glucose B) fructose C) sucrose D) galactose E) an aldopentose

10. Sucrose contains one _____ unit and one _____ unit.

11. What is the particular sequence of amino acids of a protein that are joined together by peptide bonds called?

A) the primary structure of a protein C) the tertiary structure of a protein

B) the secondary structure of a protein D) the quaternary structure of a protein

12. What is the charge on an amino acid at a pH below its pI?

A) positive

B) neutral

C) negative

D) The charge or lack of charge varies depending on the amino acid.

13. What is the C-terminal amino acid in the tetrapeptide glycylalanyisoleucylmethionine?

A) alanine B) glycine C) methionine D) isoleucine

14. How many different dipeptides can be formed when one valine reacts with one glycine?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

15. What is the process of altering the shape of a protein without breaking the amide bonds that form the primary structure?

A) hydrolysis B) competitive inhibition C) denaturation D) oxidation

16. Which of the following compounds is an enzyme?

A) glucose C) N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

B) triosephosphate isomerase D) dihydrofolate

17. What is a zymogen?

A) an amino acid with a neutral charge

B) inactive precursor of an enzyme

C) a molecule that causes an enzyme to lose activity

D) a nonprotein organic molecule needed for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur

18. Which of the following will the cause the rate of enzyme activity to first increase and then level off?

increasing the enzyme concentration

increasing the temperature

increasing the substrate concentration

increasing the pH

19. Which of the following make up a nucleoside?

base + sugar

base + phosphate + sugar

base + phosphate

phosphate + sugar

20. Transcription corresponds to which of the following?

the separation of the two strands of DNA to enable the formation of two identical DNA molecules

the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA

the transfer of genetic information from RNA to DNA

the use of genetic information to synthesize a specific protein

21. Each individual tRNA contains _____

A) a base sequence that is identical to the informational strand of DNA.

B) the sequence of codons that determines the order of amino acids in the protein.

C) an anticodon of three nucleotides that is complementary to the codon in mRNA and identifies individual amino acids.

D) an anticodon complementary to any of the three stop codons.

22. Where does energy production occur in animal cells?

A) cell membrane B) cytoplasm C) mitochondria D) nucleus

23. How many molecules of CO2 are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4

25. Which is not a reaction found in stage [2] of catabolism?

A) fatty acid oxidation C) oxidative phosphorylation

B) glycolysis D) amino acid catabolism

26. What is the classification of the reaction shown?

A) oxidation D) hydrolysis

B) reduction E) isomerization

C) decarboxylation

27. Synthesis of glucose from amino acids is called

A) Glycolysis C) Gluconeogensis

B) Glycogenesis D) Hydrolysis

28. The synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones in the body is referred to as

A) catabolism C) Ketogenesis

B) anabolism D)glycolysis

29. The nucleic acid base found in the mRNA but not in DNA is

A) Adenine C) Uracil

B) Guanine D) Cytosine

30. DNA rich in A-T base pairs have

A) 1 hydrogen bond C) 2 hydrogen bonds

B) 3 hydrogen bonds D) 4 hydrogen bonds

31. Where does the energy production occur in the cell?

A) Ribosome C) Mitochondria

B) Nucleus D) Cytoplasm

32. Where does the protein synthesis occur in the cell?

A) Ribosome C) Mitochondria

B) Nucleus D) Cytoplasm

33. In the process of transcription, the flow of genetic information is from

A) DNA to DNA C) DNA to protein

B) RNA to protein D) DNA to RNA

34. Ammonium ions are converted to non-toxic nitrogen containing compounds through

A) Amino acid metabolism C) Urea cycle

B) Citric acid cycle D) transamination

35. In protein structure, B-pleated cheats are examples of

A) Primary structure C) Secondary structure

B) Tertiary structure D) Quaternary structure

36. Lactose is a disaccharide formed of

A) Glucose + fructose C) Glucose + galactose

B) Glucose + glucose D) Fructose + galactose

37. Saponification is

A) Hydrolysis of fats by strong base

B) Hydrolysis of glycerol by lipases

C) Esterification

D) Oxidation reaction

38. The connection between amino acid residues in molecules of protein is

A) glycosidic linkage C) peptide linakge

C) ether linkage D) phosphodiester linkage

39. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are generally

A) Oil at room temperature C) Solid at room temperature

B) Semisolid at room temperature D) All of the above

40. Maximum energy is produced by

A) Carbohydrates C) Lipids

B) Proteins D) Nucleic acids

41. A polynucleotide contains _____

A) one free phosphate group at the 5' end.

B) a backbone of alternating sugar and base groups.

C) one free phosphate group at the 1' end.

D) one free OH group at the 5' end.

42. How many molecules of CO2 are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4

43. How many molecules of GTP are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4

44. Which is the enzyme that hydrolyzes triacylglycerols?

A) acetyl CoA D) lipase

B) protease pepsin E) succinate dehydrogenase

C) amylase

BCMB 3100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: High Fructose Corn Syrup, Mexican Coke, Aldehyde

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BCMB 3100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Sigmoid Function, Hydrolysis, Galactosemia

FOOD20003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: High Fructose Corn Syrup, Anomer, Glycosidic Bond

NHM 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Glycerol, Catabolism, Gluconeogenesis

Related Questions