BIOL 4374 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Repressor, Cytosine, Barr Body

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magentafly481

22 Feb 2017

School

University of Houston

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 4374

Professor

Frigo Daniel

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Dna= instructions on how organism is to be made. Cell differentiation due to changes in gene expression: totipotent pluripotent multipotent. Totipotent: can differentiate into any cell or even an embryo. Pluripotent: can become any cell except for placenta. Multipotent: can become cells except for the very specialized. Adult stem cell: all somatic cells have the same dna. It is just expressed differently in different cells. Differentiation= when less specialized cells become more specialized. Some cells can dedifferentiate: opposite of differentiation. Stemness = potential to differentiate: cells can be reprogrammed to be pluripotent stem cells. By introducing genes encoding certain transcription regulators: proven through nuclear transplant experiments: Nucleus from a differentiated cell is implanted into a embryo and the embryo develops as normal. Proving that the data is the same, there is just a: different cell types different proteins difference in expression. Determined through mass spectroscopy: more sensitive than electrophoresis.

Related Questions

14. An enhancer would be used for which of the following purposes
[A] Constructing a gene library
[B] Constructing an expression vector

[C] Doing a restriction digestion
[D] Attempting to "silence" a gene
[E] Constructing a recombinant plasmid

16. For gene therapy to be most effective, genes should be inserted in _______ cells
[A] white blood
[B] red blood

[C] stem
[D] All of the above

Which of the following is not a step in therapeutic cloning
[A] Eggs are taken from the recipient.
[B] A cell is removed from the recipient.

[C] The egg is stimulated to divide.
[D] Embryonic stem cells form.
[E] Stem cells differentiate into the desired cell types.

28. If a researcher were trying to entice a cell to become a neuron, the best candidate cell to start with would be a(an)
[A] pluripotent cell.
[B] adult stem cell.
[C] totipotent cell.
[D] cell from the bone marrow.

The second experiment is described in the following abstract:

Successful reprogramming of differentiated human somatic cells into a pluripotent state would allow creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. We previously reported generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, capable of germline transmission, from mouse somatic cells by transduction of four defined transcription factors. Here, we demonstrate the generation of iPS cells from adult human dermal fibroblasts with the same four factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Human iPS cells were similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, surface antigens, gene expression, epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes, and telomerase activity. Furthermore, these cells could differentiate into cell types of the three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas. These findings demonstrate that iPS cells can be generated from adult human fibroblasts.

What does this tell you about the nature of the changes that take place during the process of differentiation? How would you think that the reactivation of these genes might act?

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BIOL 4374 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Repressor, Cytosine, Barr Body

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