ANTHRBIO 166 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Seymouria, Theropoda, Tiktaalik

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crimsonhippopotamus417

9 Mar 2016

School

U of M

Department

Anthropology,Biological

Course

ANTHRBIO 166

Professor

Beverly Strassmann

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Document Summary

Give examples of evolutionary changes that do not lead to adaptation. Discuss: this brings us to the last of evolutionary theory"s six points: processes other than natural selection that can cause evolutionary change. The most important is simple random changes in the proportion of genes caused by the fact that different families have different numbers of offspring. This leads to evolutionary change that, being random, has nothing to do with adaptation. The influence of this process on important evolutionary change, though, is probably minor, because it does not have the molding power of natural selection. Natural selection remains the only process that can produce adaptation. Nevertheless, genetic drift may play some evolutionary role in small populations and probably accounts for some non-adaptive features of dna: discuss, using at least two examples, scars of evolution that contradict intelligent design, migration of testes b. Inguinal canals: this leads to some compromises. Men, for example, would be better off if our testes formed.

Related Questions

Question 5

Which of the following is FALSE:

Natural selection has foresight, and can mold organisms in accordance with environments in the far future. This is why organisms have a good "fit" to their environments long after they have arisen through speciation.

Selection is an undirected process that can only ever work with the materials at hand.

Human beings have foresight because they possess brains that can think about possible outcomes and the consequences of actions. This is different to a process like natural selection.

The fact that natural selection has no foresight does not mean that it is incapable of producing beings that have foresight.

Question 6

The wings of bats, birds and flying insects are examples of:

Convergently evolved traits (at least in terms of their basic functionality).

Homologous traits.

Plesiomorphies.

None of the above.

Question 7

The effect of a trait depends on the environment because:

Organisms decide to change their behavior every so often to evade predators.

It is only ever in the context of an environment that these traits can exist, and whether they assist the organism or inhibit it will depend on the particularities of that environment in which it must interact.

Sexual selection will not tolerate wasteful and extravagant displays.

The environment is changing too fast for the organism to keep up with in terms of its conscious appreciation of it, so it must rely on its traits to do the work.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE:

Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation is necessarily driven by natural selection.

Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation is not necessarily driven by natural selection.

Natural selection is random; drift is random; speciation is not necessarily driven by natural selection.

Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation must occur through the evolution of pre-zygotic barriers to mating.

Question 9

Heritability is:

The same as inheritance.

Another way of stating the degree to which a trait is genetic (for example, you could say that the color of your skin is "80 percent genetic and 20 percent environmental")

The proportion of variance of a trait in a population that is attributable to genetic variance in that population.

Present in populations, but not necessary for evolution by natural selection.

jadelocust741

Select the statements that correctly represent the theory ofevolution. Select all that apply.

Evolution is partly about inheritance. Evidence of evolution isseen in structures such as wisdom teeth and the tail bone inhumans. These structures are thought to be âleft overâ from ourancestors and no longer appear to have any essential function inmodern humans.

Natural selection means that todayâs organisms are perfectlyadapted after millions of years of fine-tuning. No further changesare necessary because of all the progress that has been made bynatural selection.

We can see evidence of past natural selection in adaptationssuch as the camouflage of moths perched on the bark of their hosttree. We can also see natural selection at work today if we trackhow populations change in rapidly changing environments.

The theory of evolution does not apply to life today. It isstrictly about the history of life: what happened in the past asseen in fossils.

Scientists disagree about the main ideas of evolutionary theorybecause of incomplete or conflicting evidence.

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintainstable internal conditions is called

metabolism

homeostasis

emergent property

evolution

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

Why do organisms maintain fairly steady conditions within theircells and bodies?

They need to keep conditions stable so that they can obtainfood.

Organisms just change along with whatever is happening in theoutside world, which is usually quite steady.

They must maintain stable conditions to keep their enzymesworking and generally to enable the chemical reactions of life.

Unstable conditions will destroy the DNA in cells; this is themost important risk for a cell facing physical or chemicalstress.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

An organism or cell exhibits ____________ when it maintainssteady internal conditions despite changes in the outerenvironment.

homeostasis

evolution

balance

natural selection

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which type of molecule best illustrates the very strongrelationship between structure and function in biology?

enzymes

oxygen gas

all kinds of organic matter

water

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best expresses how nutrients and energy move throughlife?

Nutrients flow from sunlight to organic matter to heat. Energycycles among all life forms.

Nutrients cycle among all life forms. Energy flows from sunlightto chemical energy to heat.

Nutrients and energy both are continually recycled in a greatcircle of life.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is not a recurring theme in biology?

Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

Energy flows through living systems while matter isrecycled.

Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptivediversity of life.

All of these are recurring themes.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

According to evolutionary theory, you are related to abacterium, to a yeast cell, to a snake, and to a whale. In fact,you are related to every species now alive on Earth, and to fossilspecies like dinosaurs as well.

Evolution occurs constantly, without end; there is no endpointin evolution.

Natural selection acts on genetic differences within apopulation to cause evolution. Individuals do not evolve.

Natural selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it,populations constantly get better-adapted. When this process iscompleted for all populations, evolution will come to a stop.

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

Imagine you have a peanut butter sandwich in front of you. Thesandwich is an example of _______.

matter

energy

Question 10

Select one answer.

10 points

You provide your gut bacteria with a warm place to live. Theyprovide you with vitamins and other services. This most directlyrepresents an example of...

shared ancestry of all life

natural selection

homeostasis

interdependence of life

1.) the oldest fossil identifie so far , the stromatolites , represent which type of cell ?

2. A genetic change that causes a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of a tetrapods limb. This type of change represents which of the following ?

A. Paedomorphosis

B. Heterochrony