MCDB 310 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Alanine, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Fumaric Acid

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salmonrabbit724

21 Apr 2018

School

U of M

Department

Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology

Course

MCDB 310

Professor

Kenneth Balazovich

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Document Summary

Chapter 22: overview of amino acid and nucleotide. Overview of the nitrogen cycle: atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by reduction in some bacteria, produces nitrate or ammonia, ammonia can be used by most organisms. Overview of the nitrogen metabolism: ammonia can be oxidized to nitrite (no2. Step 1: capturing nitrogen: reduction of molecular nitrogen to ammonia, this is very exergonic, n2 bond is very stable and almost inert, activation energy for nitrogen fixation is high, solution in root nodules contains bacteria and leghmoglobin. This has high affinity for oxygen-binding heme group: keeps fixation environment anaerobic. N2 + 10h+ + 8e- + 16 atp -> 2nh4: dinitrogenase complex. + + 16adp + 16pi + h2: reduced dinitrogenase needs 8 electrons to fix one n2, yields 2 nh4+ and 1 h2, dinitrogenase is reduced by transferring 8 electrons from dinitrogenase reductase. Electrons transferred one at a time from reductase to dinitrogenase.

Related Questions

"Helps fix nitrogen in soil. Boost pea and bean yields with Garden Soil Inoculant. Simply shake granules into furrows as you plant. It contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria to promote stronger root systems and larger harvests. Easy-to-use sprinkler top makes application a snap. 8.7-oz. container treats a 150' row." This product is recommended for growing plants such as beans and peas, for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: These plants can convert nitrogen gas to ammonia

These plants can convert nitrogen gas to ammonia

These plants form symbiotic relationships with bacteria in the product.

These plants are legumes.

These plants produce root nodules that harbor bacteria.

Molecular nitrogen (nitrogen gas) makes up 78% of the Earthâs atmosphere, but is unavailable for use by all organisms except for some nitrogen-fixing ____. (Choose all correct answers.)

bacteria

cyanobacteria

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

fungi

Protists

Nitrogen gas is a chemically inert molecule. The prokaryotes that fix-nitrogen produce the enzyme nitrogenase. What does this enzyme do that allows these organisms to use nitrogen gas? (Hint: You might want to consult a chemistry book to help you with this answer.)

In biological nitrogen fixation (N2, ammonia, hydrogen, oxygen), is (Reduced, oxidized) when it accepts atoms, resulting in the production of (nitrogen gas, nitrate, water, ammonia ) .

Legumes produce (nitrogen, nitrogenase, lehemoglobin,oxygen ,bacteria) , which regulates the amount of (nitrogen, nitrogenase, lehemoglobin,oxygen ,bacteria) present in the root nodule so (nitrogen, nitrogenase, lehemoglobin,oxygen ,bacteria) activity is not inhibited.

Humans and other animals acquire their nitrogen from which of the following? (Choose all correct answers.)

protein from animals that eat other animals

protein from animals that eat plants

plant protein

protein from legumes

The nitrogen sources used by humans are (organic, inorganic) componds, while nitrogen gas is an (organic, inorganic) compound.

1. Deep sea thermal vents are characterized by extremepressures, very high water temp (exceeding 100 celsius) and veryhigh concentrations of minerals. What type of prokaryotic organismsare most likely to be found there and why?

Archaea; tetraethers are morethermally stable.

Archaea; the partial membranessurrounding the DNA provide more protection.

Bacteria; the peptidoglycans in thecell walls keep them from overheating.

Bacteria; they use the energy from the minerals to power theirchloroplasts.

2. Farmers often practice crop rotation to help enrichagricultural fields. Why are beans and other legumes often used inthe rotations?

Legumes remove toxins from thesoil.

Less carbon dioxide.

Bacteria in legume root nodules arenitrifiers.

Legumes enrich the soil by formingheterocysts.

Beans fix nitrogen.

3. The fungus Penicillium produces a compound thatblocks peptidoglycan assembly. Why is a fungus trying to killbacteria?

The compound produced by the fungusis used for nitrogen fixation, the antibacterial properties areaccidental.

The fungal compound is produced inresponse to a bacterial invasion of the fungal hyphae.

Fungi and bacteria are bothdecomposers and compete for resources.

Fungi eat bacteria.

4. If Chlamydia is often asymptomatic, why is it necessary totreat it?

Pelvic inflammatory disease is apotential complication and can render women sterile.

Tertiary chlamydia causesneurological problems.

Chlamydia infection is a major riskfactor for cervical cancer.

Vertical transmission of chlamydia causes birth defects.

5. A mutant strain and the wild-type have different growthrequirements, they are given below.

Wild-type growth factors: A,B,C,D
Mutant growth factors: A,B,C,D,E

Select all the true statements concerning this situation.

It is possible to formulate a mediathat will allow the mutant to grow but not the wild-type.

A minimal medium will allow themutant to grow.

The mutant is auxotrophic.

Replica plating would be used toidentify the mutant.

An early stop codon may have occurred in the mutant.

6. Cell X has 45% adenine in it's genome and a thickpeptidoglycan cell wall. It is most likely a(n)

cyanobacteria

fungal endospore

low CG Bacteria

thermophilic archaean

actinobacteria

7. Are transformation and transduction the same process?

No; only transformation passes ongenes for pathogenicity.

Yes; they both involve theacquisition of viral genes.

Yes; both processes transferspecific gene products to a specific bacterium.

No; although both involve gene transfer the sources of thegenetic material differ.

8. In terrestrial environments, nitrogen fixation only occurs insoils. Why is this the case?

	Free oxygen acts and atranscription inhibitor of nif genes.
	The enzymatic activity of thenitrogenase complex is inhibited by oxygen.
	UV-radiation denatures thenitogenase enzyme complex.
	nif genes are sensitive tolight.

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MCDB 310 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Alanine, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Fumaric Acid

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