ENC1143 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Pseudoscience, New Imperialism, Imperialism
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Freud
- Recap: Nietzsche and Wittgenstein both invalidated universalism for many reasons:
o Language limits our understanding
In addition, the realities that different languages will naturally be different.
o Life complying with or revolving around one thing (as Universalism states) did not
appear feasible because of all the aspects of life
This proved further that the old branches of philosophy could no longer be
applied ad ee theefoe eaigless to ode soiet.
- So basically those two^ shot down epistemological universalism (epistemology referring to the
philosophical and largely unsupported version of universalism that only offered personal
theories).
- But Feud ae out ith a pshologial uiesalis, that poposed that all people ae
beholden to one tendency or way of thinking no matter where they are from, what language
they speak, etc.
o His pshologial take as diffeet i the a that psholog as sietifiall
supported and also encouraged the gathering of empirical evidence.
- An oversimplified explanation of his findings:
o The supeego the utue pat of a hua is essetiall iilizatio’s alues.
The supe pat efes to thigs that ae liteall eod o outside of humans.
o ID atue osists of ou iologial uges. Basiall hat eolutio has eated ad
programmed within humans to find pleasurable.
o The ego is what negotiates between the superego and id. It is our conscious self that
uses reason.
- Freud believed life is suffeig ot eause eethig suks ut eause thee’s o esape fo
hat oe desies ad hat soiet deads. It’s ipossile to opletel satisf oth,
therefore we can never achieve true happiness.
- He liked to focus on why Modernity made people unhappy.
o Came to the conclusion that the Age of Modernity put people in an ever-changing hyper
chamber that never allowed people to get a good-footing. The ever-changing times
destailized a sese of hat a peso’s supeego as. Civilization was changing so
apidl ad the people ould’t keep up.
WWI
- Had a huge impact on Western people, especially in France. The Great War set the tones and in
motion the events that are present today.
- Its origins lie in the eugenic (pseudoscientific racism that used Dai’s studies to justif the
diffeet ategoizatio of lesse ethiities. Ofteties, the lesse ee osideed diffeet
species, fundamentally different animals.)
o This propelled New Imperialism.
- The basic philosophy of Old Imperialism involved fighting other nations for their resources and
inhabiting it. AKA colonization.
- The post-1800 New Imperialism involved fighting nations for the same reason, but ultimately
letting the nation retain its existing political power.
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