CMB 311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Cellular Respiration, Organic Chemistry, Cell Nucleus

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coffeebear683

26 Jan 2019

School

URI

Department

Cell and Molecular Biology

Course

CMB 311

Professor

Steven Gregory

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Document Summary

Definition: biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that occur inside the cell, as well as the structure, function and biosynthesis of the macromolecules responsible for these processes. The chemical processes inside the cell include: metabolism transport of materials into (ions, nutrients) and out of (ions, waste products) the cell energy production information processing; biosynthesis of dna, rna and proteins. Membranes (technically, these are not macromolecules, but large associations of lipids that serve to compartmentalize cells and provide a barrier between the cytoplasm (inside) and the outside of the cell) Polysaccharides (polymers of sugars, used primarily as energy stores) Only a handful of chemical elements found in the periodic table are central to biochemistry. These are c (carbon), n (nitrogen), o (oxygen), p (phosphorus), s (sulfur) and h (hydrogen). Biochemistry uses organic molecules because of carbon"s special chemical properties. forms stable c-c single bond forms c=c double bonds, c=n double bonds forms stable bonds with other elements.

Related Questions

Question Set 2

What is the Central Dogma of Biology?

Complete the following chart:

Monomers	Macromolecule (Polymers)	Purpose
Fatty acids	Fats, lipid membranes
	Polysaccharides	Structure, energy storage
	Proteins (polypeptides)
	Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Describe the "amphiphilic" nature of phospholipids, and how this facilitates the structure of the plasma membrane

Name three possible functions for proteins that are embedded in a membrane.

Name the steps of the cell cycle. What happens in each?

In reference to the cell cycle, what is a checkpoint? Give some examples of triggers of cell cycle arrest.

In the context of cell signaling, define: autocrine, homocrine, paracrine, and endocrine.

1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides â c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

Please help! Not sure about these questions..thanks

Which can cross the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane without assistance from transport proteins?

	A.	Ions such as Na+.
	B.	Small hydrophobic molecules such as O2.
	C.	Small hydrophilic molecules such as glucose.
	D.	Any small molecule or ion.

QUESTION 2

Which transport process requires a cell to expend energy?

	A.	Moving a solute up its concentration gradient.
	B.	No transport processes require energy.
	C.	Moving a solute either up or down its concentration gradient.
	D.	Moving a solute down its concentration gradient.

QUESTION 3

Imagine a cell whose membrane is permeable to water, but impermeable to solute X. If solute X is more concentrated outside the cell than inside, which way will water move by osmosis?

	A.	Water will not move in either direction, in or out of the cell.
	B.	Water will move equally in both directions, in and out of the cell.
	C.	Water will leave the cell.
	D.	Water will enter the cell.

QUESTION 4

The cellular structure that encloses the DNA/genes is the

		ribosome.
		plasma membrane.
		nucleus.
		mitochondrion.

QUESTION 5

The part of metabolism that builds larger, more complex molecules or structures from smaller, simpler components is

	A.	anabolism.
	B.	catabolism.
	C.	catalysis.
	D.	hydrolysis.

QUESTION 6

In an exergonic reaction

	A.	the reactants have more energy than the products, so energy is absorbed.
	B.	the reactants have more energy than the products, so energy is released.
	C.	the reactants have less energy than the products, so energy is released.
	D.	the reactants have less energy than the products, so energy is absorbed.

CMB 311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Cellular Respiration, Organic Chemistry, Cell Nucleus

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