CMD 276 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Lung Volumes, Exhalation, Dysarthria
1 Nov 2016
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CMD 276 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Lecture 3:
Respiratory Physiology:
Tidal Breathing: Volume exchange depends on activities
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Air that can be inhaled after exhalation
Inspiratory Capacity: Air that can be inhaled after regular expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume: Air that can be exhaled after natural exhalation
Residual Volume: Leftover air after max exhalation
Functional Residual Capacity: Air in the lungs after natural exhalation
Vital Capacity: Air available for life/speech breathing
Total Lung Capacity: Total Air lungs can hold
Life Breathing: Speech Breathing:
Nose Mouth
Inhale-40% Inhale- 10%
Exhale- 60%` Exhale- 90%
VC (10%) VC (20-25%)
Passive exhalation Active exhalation
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Problems that affect speech:
Inadequate air intake
Breath Control- Muscular problems/Inadequate valving
Management:
Static/Dynamic breathing eval.
Of inhalation/exhalation
Individualized treatment
Parkinsons: Muscle Rigidity
1) Speech sound distortions 2) Flat inflection 3) Reduced vocal intensity (laryngeal control)
-Compressed chest-wall shape
-Compromised tracheal & oral pressure
Compensation:
Reduce sentence length Frequent inhalation Speaking @ beginning of exhalation
Strengthen VF closure Sustained phonation
Spinal Cord Injury: Little/No innervation to muscles
1)Reduced Vital Capacity/Intensity 2)Slow Inspiration 3)Imprecise consonants
4)Few syllables per breath
Compensation:
Larger lung volumes Optimal posture Muscle Strength/Coordination
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Cerebral Palsy: Central NS (Brain) Peripheral NS (Muscles/Limbs)
Dysarthria Hyper/HypoNasality Voice Fluctuations (Prosody)
VF Control
-Smaller Vital Capacity -Poor Coordination -Poor Valve Control
Compensation:
-Posture -Trussing -Smaller Inspirations –Breathing Exercises
Laryngeal System:
LARYNX:
Protection of the airway Phonation Swallowing Locks air
Anterior to Cervical 4-C6
Cartilages:
Thyroid: Largest, inferior to hyoid
Cricoid: Inferior to thyroid
Arytenoid: Quadrate lamina
VF Attached to vocal processes
Corniculate: Apex of arytenoid
Cuneiform: Stiffen aryepiglottic folds
Epiglottis: *Swallowing
Inner surface of cricoid
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Document Summary
Inspiratory reserve volume: air that can be inhaled after exhalation. Inspiratory capacity: air that can be inhaled after regular expiration. Expiratory reserve volume: air that can be exhaled after natural exhalation. Functional residual capacity: air in the lungs after natural exhalation. Total lung capacity: total air lungs can hold. Parkinsons: muscle rigidity: speech sound distortions 2) flat inflection 3) reduced vocal intensity (laryngeal control) Closed during swallowing & effort activities, otherwise it is open. Affects the glottis and the movement of the folds. Vocal fold vibration stages: prephonatory: subglottal buildup, attack/vibratory: subglottal pressure overpowers. Cover-body theory: vocal folds move in a complex motion. Vertical: inferior before superior longitudinal: posterior before anterior. Medial compression- vf compressed for a longer time (center takes longer to separate) With a larger fundamental frequency, spaces between the harmonics is greater. Takes away voices tone, with fewer harmonics there is a thinner quality of the voice. Jitter: variation of timing in the vf cycle (frequency perturbation)
