OBHR 3310 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cultural Diversity, Alcoholism, Fundamental Attribution Error
25 Jun 2018
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CH 2
Diversity trends:
-Represents the multitude of individual diff and similarities tht exist among ppl
Diversity is increasing:
-Population in 2025 is projected to be around 8 billion (vs. 7 today)
-Most of the growth in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of South America.
Layers of diversity
-Personality (stable set of characteristics)
-Internal or surface-level characteristics are apparent to others (unchangeable)
-External influences and organizational dimensions are considered deep-level characteristics
that take time to emerge in interactions
Benefits of diversity:
-creativity in decision making: diff in personalities, diff psychological approaches
-better understanding of customers, customer satisfaction
-more satisfied with workforce
-higher stock prices
-lower litigation expenses
-higher company performance: broader skill sets
Social perception:
-how we form impressions of others and how these our behavior
-social perception model:
1. Attention- attention grabbers, controlled (intentionally done while we are consciously
aware of what we are doing) vs. Automatic processing (familiar tasks)
2. Categorization- assign a person to a category or implicit theory of ppl.
-initial categorization- limited info, small sample of behavior
-gather more info- but we prefer info tht fits our category
Recategorize- dnt discard uncategorized info, just expand it
Over generalization- all attributes in category,, even if we never saw them exemplify those.
3. Recall- we remember the category we assigned tht person
Generalities: remember the category more than the specific behaviors tht led to it.
Over generalization again.
Stereotypes:
-May or may not be positive
-Can lead to poor decisions
-Can create barriers for undermined ppl
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Perceptual errors
-halo effect: one dominant impression
-Projection: our motives/traits seen in others
-confirmation: we look for confirming info
-first impressions: persist(never get second chance).
-attribution errors: making conclusions based on personality instead of also weighing the
situation
Casual attribution:
-suspected or inferred causes of attribution
-internal: ability/ personality
-external: situation
-People make causal attributions by observing three cues about behavior:
4. Consensus – same/different than others
5. Distinctiveness – same/different across situations
6. Consistency – same/different across time
Attributions errors:
-self serving bias:
-successful= internal, failures= blames situation
Fundamental attribution error: prefers internal attributions.
-Actor observer: attribution depends on perspective
-If you are the actor (doing the behaving) focusing on the situation (external)
-Observer looks at the disposition, focuses on the person/actor (internal)
- Salience – anything that stands out gets attributed more causality(cause) for actions
(e.g., only female?).
Implications of social perception
-efficiency for accuracy: trade off may bias your appraisals of others
-Maintains self-esteem: generalizations can misdiagnose the causes of someone's behavior
-expectations: wht we believe abt others guides our actions which can result in the behavior we
expect (pygmalion effect)
-Stereotypes/prejudice.
Specific diversity issues:
-sexual orientation, gender, race, disability, religious, age.
Diversity and discrimination:
Discrimination: employment decision not based on individual performance or skill.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Represents the multitude of individual diff and similarities tht exist among ppl. Population in 2025 is projected to be around 8 billion (vs. 7 today) Most of the growth in asia, sub-saharan africa, and parts of south america. Internal or surface-level characteristics are apparent to others (unchangeable) External influences and organizational dimensions are considered deep-level characteristics that take time to emerge in interactions. Creativity in decision making: diff in personalities, diff psychological approaches. How we form impressions of others and how these our behavior. Social perception model: attention- attention grabbers, controlled (intentionally done while we are consciously aware of what we are doing) vs. automatic processing (familiar tasks, categorization- assign a person to a category or implicit theory of ppl. Initial categorization- limited info, small sample of behavior. Gather more info- but we prefer info tht fits our category. Recategorize- dnt discard uncategorized info, just expand it.
