NUTR 1020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Mutation, Breastfeeding, Calorie

32 views5 pages

erinmanatee680

10 Nov 2016

School

University of Utah

Department

Nutrition, Division of

Course

NUTR 1020

Professor

Anandh Babu Pon Velayutham

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

The body is made up of many types of cells. Cells grow and divide in a controlled way to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. When cells become old or damaged, they die (apoptosis) and are replaced with new cells. Sometimes the genetic material dna of a cell can become damaged or changed. Mutations affect normal cell growth and division: damaged new cells do not die when they should, new cells form when the body does not need them. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to the other parts of the body. Dangerous only if their presence interferes with normal body functions. Can be removed, and in most cases do not come back. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Metastasis: the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.

Related Questions

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Question options:

	chromatin is one of two identical strands of DNA.
	chromosomes are chromatin that has been tightly packed and coiled.
	chromosomes are composed of nucleosomes and chromatin is composed of sister chromatids.
	chromosomes are important in mitosis and chromatin is essential to meiosis.

Bacterial cells only reproduce asexually and cannot exchange genetic material.

Question options:

	True, because they undergo binary fission.
	False, because they transfer genetic material with other bacterial cells.
	True, because they have a cell wall that prevents sharing of genetic material.

After a visit to a specialist, Dan was diagnosed with liver cancer. Six months later additional tumors were found in his stomach and small intestine. This is an example of

Question options:

	malignant tumors.
	benign tumors.
	Both malignant tumors and metastasis are correct.

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

Question options:

	DNA is replicated.
	Replicated chromosomes divide.
	Cells line up along the equator of the cell.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Question options:

	prophase -- mitotic spindle forms
	metaphase -- chromosomes line up along the equator
	telophase -- cytoplasm divides

Why is hair loss a common side effect of cancer treatments?

Question options:

Hair cells are at the surface of the body so die easily.

Hair cells divide rapidly and so are targeted by the cancer drugs.

Cancer drugs often target and kill random cells within the body.

From "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer," how are endostatins used to treat cancerous cells?

Question options:

	They prevent angiogenesis by cancerous cells.
	They promote growth of new blood vessels to feed cells.
	They bind to receptors on cancerous cells and prevent cells from reproducing.

1.In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman published the âangiogenic hypothesisâ suggesting that a tumor cannot grow beyond 1â2 millimeters without the development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that provide access to oxygen and nutrients. During the 1990s, it was discovered that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates migration and proliferation of the cells that form blood vessels, leading to the formation of new blood vessels. VEGF binds to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface and causes the RTKs to dimerize and become active, thereby initiating an intracellular signaling cascade that stimulates cell division and inhibits apoptosis. Many cancer cells secrete high levels of VEGF and increased VEGF expression in a tumor is correlated with a poor medical outcome for the patient. You work for a biotechnology company that seeks to create anti-cancer drugs that prevent growth of tumors and/or cause tumors to shrink, while leaving normal cells relatively untouched. Your company has purchased the rights to therapeutic uses of VEGF derived proteins as anti-tumor drugs. You have found that the VEGF protein has 2 domains, one involved in receptor binding, the other is required for dimerization of VEGF. You propose to make mutant versions of the protein that will act as antagonists of the receptor to be given to patients as an IV treatment as a way to inhibit the endogenous VEGF secreted by the tumor.

a.Which of the 2 domains should you mutate (receptor binding or dimerization)?

b. How do you expect the introduction of the mutant protein into the bloodstream of patients to block tumor progression (in other words, why did you change the domain in part a)?

peachmoose600

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

indigohedgehog242

NUTR 1020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Mutation, Breastfeeding, Calorie

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BPK 140 Chapter 5: Chapter 5 Textbook Notes

NPB 110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 36: Growth Factor, Broad Group, Wart

MICROBIO 160 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Pigment, Joint Commission, List Of Foundation Universe Planets

Related Questions