FRTR 3584 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Rue Lepic, Digital Intermediate

OBJECTIVE:

In this lab, you will produce several different voltaic cells, measure the total voltage, and determine the corresponding half-cells and total potentials. A copper electrode and a copper gluconate electrolyte solution will be used in every system, and four additional half-cells with different metals and salts will be run against it to compare the half-cells and total overall voltage. The salt bridge, consisting of filter paper and potassium chloride, connects the two cells.

PROCEDURE

Put on your goggles and lab apron.

Label five clean, dry 100 mL beakers as copper gluconate, tin sulfate, aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, and zinc

sulfate.

Using a clean, dry 100 mL graduated cylinder (and pipette if needed), measure and pour 25.0 mL of each

solution into the corresponding beaker. Be sure to thoroughly rinse the graduated cylinder with dH2O before measuring out a new solution. Some of your bottles of solution may need shaken up before using to re- dissolve anything that has settled out. If shaking doesn’t completely work, use a clean, dry glass stirring rod to help break up and dissolve. Mix thoroughly. Just be sure to clean the stir rod before moving it to a different solution bottle.

Lightly sand the provided metal strips of copper, tin, aluminum, iron, and zinc down with sand paper to remove the oxidized layer. When finished, wipe off any debris. Set the strips aside. Be sure you have sanded these well to ensure reaction.

Use scissors to cut the filter paper into five strips. Each strip should measure about 20 mm (2 cm) x 150 mm (15 cm).

Note: When your electrochemical cell apparatus is set-up, each strip should be long enough to connect the electrolyte solutions in the two adjacent beakers (half-cells). The strips may look short now, but after they soak, you will see that are the proper length. See pic below.

2

Using a clean, dry 100 mL graduated cylinder, measure and pour 25.0 mL of potassium chloride solution into a 100 mL beaker. Place the filter paper strips into the beaker. Allow the strips to soak for approximately 5 minutes. This process creates the salt bridge. Be sure all papers are in contact with KCl and get soaked.

Place the metal copper strip in the copper gluconate beaker, allowing it to lean against the side of the beaker.

Repeat Step 7 for each of the metal strips and the corresponding beakers (see pic below).

Place one of the potassium chloride soaked filter papers between the copper gluconate solution and the tin

sulfate solution so that the filter paper is immersed in both solutions simultaneously. The KCl strip must be touching both solutions (it’s OK for the strip to cling to the wall of each beaker, so long as it is touching both solutions)! Pick up the strip by the middle, and drain excess solution by touching the ends to a paper towel. Position the paper strip salt bridge so that it makes contact with both solutions, but is not touching the electrodes.

Assemble the 7-Function Multi-Meter by firmly pressing the positive (red) Test Lead into the V?mA (center) jack. Press the negative (black) Test Lead into the COM (bottom) jack. Rotate the red, center dial until it is pointing towards the DCV 2000 m position (Hint: this position is similar to the northwest position on a compass—see pic below). 2000 m is equal to 2 volts. That means your read out is now in mV, so you will have to divide the readout by 1,000 when recording your data in V. For example, in the picture below, my readout of 980 mV would be 0.980 V. Turn the multi-meter on.

Touch the red multi-meter probe to the top of the copper strip, and the black multi-meter probe to the top of the tin strip. This works best when you press lightly down on the top edge of the metal strip with the side of the probe, as this creates more constant contact and less fluctuation movement. See pic below. If you happen to have a set of alligator clips to connect the probes to the metal, that would work even better.

Note: The red probe should be placed on copper for all of the half-cell apparatuses. The black probe should be placed on the remaining metals.

3

Note: Alternatively, you can bend the metal strips to rest over the edge of the beaker, and to give a flat surface that makes it easier to rest the probes:

Record the voltage differential created between the two half-cell in Table 1 (see below). Watch the voltage for a few seconds and then take a reading. Some readings stabilize quickly, others will drift for as long as you want to watch. (Swirling the solution with the electrode can also change the reading.) Typically, waiting a few seconds after connecting the cell yields the most reliable reading.

Take a picture of your voltaic cell. This will be a little tricky since you have to hold the probes, but try to get someone to help. Otherwise, do the best you can. The digital readout on the multimeter must be visible for each sample, and both half cells must be visible and clearly labeled. Your face must be visible in the picture also, as well as a label with your name/student ID, the lab title, and the date. Unless all four—your face, name/ID, the lab title, and the date are clear, you will not receive credit. Save this picture, and combine all four voltaic cells (Sn, Al, Fe, Zn) into a single PDF document in order to submit it in the Lab 14 Assignment.

Discard the salt bridge, and repeat Steps 9 -13 three more times using the aluminum sulfate solution, iron sulfate solution, and the zinc sulfate solution. Each solution should be paired with the copper gluconate solution, placing the red probe of the volt meter on the copper each time. A new salt-bridge should be used for each electrochemical cell. Record your data in Table 1 (see below).

Wash your glassware (and plasticware) with warm water and soap. To minimize spotting and mineral contamination, it is best to do a final rinse with dH2O. Dry your glassware (or leave set to dry) and put it away. All chemical solutions used in this lab can now be safely washed down the sink, and solid metals can be thrown away or recycled. Clean up your lab and put away your materials.

RESULTS

Make a data table in either Word or Excel that shows the multi-meter voltage measurements (V), experimental half-cell potential using copper electrode as the standard, the theoretical half-cell voltage, percent error, the half-cell and net cell reactions, and free energy (?G). Your table should look something like the one on page 6 of this document. Also see the description below the sample table for help in determining all of these values. Make sure that the calculation sections shown below are included within your Table 1 document as well.

Save your Table 1 as a PDF file to be submitted with the Lab 14 Assignment. Be sure your document includes your name/student ID, lab title, and date. Unless all three—your name/student ID, the lab title, and the date are on the document and legible, you will not receive credit. All columns and values must be clearly labeled.

You should have = 1 PDF of a pic of you and your 4 electrochemical cells being measured (Step 13) + (Steps 16-17). All pictures, tables, and labels must be clear and properly labeled or they will not receive credit.

Question:

You probably observed the cell voltage change slightly while you were observing it. Explain what is occurring at the electrode that causes the observed voltage to change?

MILE Entertainment Systems was established by four graduates of Istanbul Şehir University (ISU) in 2020. Mahmut, son of a genuine Anatolian merchant, has been fond of electronic games since his childhood. If he were born in New York or Tokyo, he could make one of the best electronic game designers even before the age of 15! İbrahim, son of a bank manager at Türkiye Finans, a so-called participation bank working on Islamic (no-interest) principles. His main goal has been “to transform a Turkish company into one of the top trend-setters in the global marketplace. (planning-vision)” He thought that finance was the heart of the matter, so he would concentrate mainly on the financial aspects of the enterprise. “Give me money and I will take care of the rest!” Lisa, daughter of a Prussian landlord, has worked as an apprentice for her aunt Helga, a wellknown fashion designer in Hamburg. Her childhood dream was to direct a film which will overshadow the legendary Kinderfilms like Pinokyo and the Wizard of Oz. She considered ISU studentship as a critical step toward her goal. Elif, the daughter of a trade union leader, has been thinking of leading the global environmental struggle against the egoistic capitalist manufacturers of the world. Her basic competencies lie in the areas of engineering and management. She is able to think like a person of science and act as a woman of politics. After a long discussion with Prof M Ozel of ISU, they borrowed TL 100,000 (role of entrepreneurship) from Türkiye Finans, thanks to Kemal Bey, İbrahim’s father, on the basis of a profit-and-loss-sharing system. These four kafadars, a Turkish word for high-risk-takers, agreed on developing new video games with new heroes (Planning). Rather than compete directly with companies like Sony and Microsoft, they made the decision to broaden the market to attract people who have not already played video games (Planning). They introduced the MES (Mahmut’s Entertainment System) after six months, and it was an instant hit. Over the course of the next two years, it almost single-handedly revitalized the video games industry. Selling over 60 million units, people brought games like Mario and Zelda into their homes for the first time on the MES. The second step was the Game Boy in 2022. Its screen was four-colors-of-gray but the device defined portable gaming and was enormous fun. Game Boy was closely associated with the classic game Tetris when it first appeared in the market. Game Boy is nowadays the most successful video game system ever released. Since its introduction in 2022, Game Boy has sold well over 500 million systems worldwide. Originally bundled with the game Tetris, this little handheld became an instant phenomenon. And on November 13, 2023 in İstanbul, MILE launched the MILE 3DS system, which allows users to view 3D content without the use of special glasses. The company was organized in a postmodern way. There were almost no clear boundaries between the so-called functional departments, such as Research and Development, Manufacturing, and Sales and Marketing. Even the doorkeepers were held responsible for marketing, if not for finance! The Gang of Four comprised the Governing Board together with two independent board members: Ahmet Ademoglu, the former director of the Central Bank, who was expected to put the financial side of the enterprise in order; and Mehmet Koç, the ex-marketing manager of Ulker Company, who was given sole authority for the sales and promotions (Organizing). The Gang dreamed, designed, and developed; the professionals executed! Towards the end of the second year of their establishment, the administration decided to transfer the top management of Nintendo (Planning), the legendary Japanese video games manufacturer. You know, the Japanese are known for lifetime commitment to their companies. In China every family is said to be company, whereas in Japan each company seems to be a family! However, Okamuko Suzuki, the then CEO of Nintendo, was a western-minded manager who accepted the five-million dollar transfer money and joined (Staffing part of Leading) the MILE community. He also convinced six other top managers to move Turkey (Leading) and become part of the new firm. Considering the wide cultural gap, Suzuki wisely thought that it would be foolish for him to manage the whole company with its more than forty Turkish experts (Planning). Instead he asked for the establishment of a relatively small Design Department, and was appointed as the chief director (Organizing) of it. Mahmut Bey would coordinate (Leading, He is given a new role) the activities of these radical designers with the rest of the company. MILE has produced impressive results in a decade of uncertainty in the world economy. Almost out of nothing, they realized a sales volume of 2 billion liras by 2030, with an aftertax profit rate of 12 per cent. Even then, however, they were concerned. It would be easy, they said, for complacency to set in. They wanted to keep the company hungry and humble (Planning). Lisa was the public face of MILE. She was present in all kinds of high-society ceremonies like film galas, ballet shows, fashion fairs, and high level socio-political events (Role of Figurehead). She declined the marriage offer by one of the young ministers of the Cabinet, saying she is already married to MILE! However, most public announcements were made by İbrahim (Role of Spokesperson). He knew almost all media figures by their names (Role of Liaison), and had a very convincing speaking style (Role of Leader). He is the person at the two extremes of the enterprise: all major moves start with his announcements (Role of Spokesperson) and are overseen by his meticulous examination (Controlling). He uses every tool and opportunity to get rid of unnecessary costs (Controlling). Mahmut has always been the spiritual motivator of his community at every level (Leading and Role of Leader). He is fond of people as much as electronic games. He openly shares his ideas, plans, and even his dreams with his fellow inventors (Leading and Role of Disseminator). Like Iniesta of Barcelona, he is a team-builder and a game-developer (Leading and Role of Leader) before being an inventor himself. He is a quick reader of top electronic journals (Role of Monitoring), collecting whatever of value for his community (Role of Monitoring) and transmitting it through various channels to the prospective inventors of the company (Role of Disseminator). Elif acts like a public conscience (Role of Leader) for the community. Being a harsh critique of the global capitalism, she is actually against the monopolist concentration of capital. She always bargains trade terms with the commodity sellers (Role of Negotiator) and backs the workers in their discussions even against the MILE management. She acts like a magic-doctor between the labor and the capital and settles all kinds of disputes among workers themselves (Role of Disturbance Handler). She is called “Elif Abla” by the community as a whole. QUESTIONS: 1. Write a vision statement, a mission statement, and three major strategies for MILE. 2. Which managerial functions seem to be performed well by the four kafadars? 3. What managerial roles are being played by the kafadars?

1) Workers in one country are more productive than workers in another country because

-they have more complementary factors to work with.

-they have fewer complementary factors to work with.

-they are better motivated and paid.

2) Conservative economists would like to help younger workers get work experience by

-setting up a government jobs program.

-raising the minimum wage rate.

-lowering the minimum wage rate.

-passing a law requiring employers to hire teenagers ahead of older workers who are equally qualified.

3) The Supreme Court's "rule of reason"

-has been applied since the time of the Civil War.

-has been applied since 1945.

-was applied from 1911 to 1945.

-has been applied since 1970.

4) Which is the smallest American labor union?

-United Auto Workers

-The International Brotherhood of Teamsters

-The National Education Association

-The Service Employees International Union

5) The Change to Win coalition recently mounted a national recruiting drive, primarily targeting _______.

-All of these jobs were targeted

-cashiers

-janitors

-dishwashers

6) The demand for labor is

-determined by the supply of labor.

-determined by the wage rate.

-its marginal revenue product schedule.

-higher at lower wage rates.

7) Economic rent is associated with

-low wages.

-agricultural workers.

-factory workers.

-high wages.

8) Which statement is true?

-The most important influence on a firm's demand for a factor of production is the demand for the final product.

-All of the statements are true.

-A firm will keep hiring more and more of a resource up to the point at which its MRP is equal to its price.

-If the MRP of the last worker hired is higher than the wage rate, the firm has hired too few workers.

9) Amelia Earhart's nominal wages rose from $40,000 to $50,000, while the CPI rose by 20%. Her real wages

-rose.

-fell.

-cannot be calculated with the available information.

-stayed the same.

10) Which of the following is NOT an example of a vertical merger?

-The merger of two computer companies

-The merger of an automobile company and a tire company

-The merger of a computer company and a microelectronics chip company

-The merger of a shoe producer and a leather producer

11) The demand for a resource rises as

-its productivity falls and prices of substitutable resources falls.

-its productivity rises and the prices of substitutable resources falls.

-its productivity rises and the relative prices of substitutable resources rises.

-its productivity falls and the relative prices of substitutable resources falls.

12) Interlocking directorates were expressly forbidden under the

-neither the Sherman Act nor the Clayton Act.

-both the Sherman and Clayton Acts.

-Clayton Act.

-Sherman Act.

13) A firm's demand for labor is

-its MRP schedule.

-determined by the going wage rate.

-shaped mainly by the supply of labor.

14) If unions are successful in negotiating a wage higher than the market equilibrium wage, and also guarantee employers that they can hire as many labor hours as they desire per week at the union wage,

-all workers who join the union will be guaranteed a job.

-the quantity of labor demanded will exceed the quantity supplied at the union wage.

-the quantity of labor demanded will equal the quantity supplied at the union wage.

-the quantity of labor demanded will fall short of the quantity supplied at the union wage.

15) Which of the following offers the best example of derived demand?

-An increase in the demand for cars causes an increase in the demand for gasoline.

-An increase in the demand for movie tickets causes an increase in the demand for popcorn.

-A decline in the demand for cars causes an increase in the demand for bus rides.

-An increase in demand for movie tickets causes an increase in the demand for movie theatre workers.

16) A "bill of rights" for union members and a provision of union election procedures were two of the main provisions of the _____ Act.

-Landrum-Griffin

-Sherman Antitrust

-National Labor Relations

-Taft-Hartley

17) The decision to bring suit in an antitrust case is usually made by

-the Supreme Court or a lower federal court.

-the injured party.

-the Department of Commerce.

-the Department of Justice.

18) At its peak labor union membership was about _____% of the labor force.

-35

-45

-15

-25

19) Combinations in restraint of trade are prohibited by

-the Sherman Act.

-the Federal Trade Commission Act.

-The Clayton Act.

20) Which statement is true?

-American manufacturing wages are the highest in the world.

-American manufacturing wage rates are the lowest of any industrial country.

-Our manufacturing wage rates are the second highest in the world.

-None of the statements are true. MICROECONOMIC