CSC 1100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Top-Down And Bottom-Up Design, Text Editor, Modular Programming
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24 Sep 2016
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Chapter 1:
An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages
•Objectives
•In this chapter, you will:
–Learn about different types of computers
–Explore the hardware and software components of a computer system
–Learn about the language of a computer
–Learn about the evolution of programming languages
–Examine high-level programming languages
•Objectives (cont’d.)
–Discover what a compiler is and what it does
–Examine a C++ program
–Explore how a C++ program is processed
–Learn what an algorithm is and explore problem-solving techniques
–Become aware of structured design and object-oriented design programming
methodologies
–Become aware of Standard C++, ANSI/ISO Standard C++, and C++11
•Introduction
•Without software, the computer is useless
•Software is developed with programming languages
–C++ is a programming language
•C++ suited for a wide variety of programming tasks
•A Brief Overview of the History of Computers
•Early calculation devices
–Abacus, Pascaline
–Leibniz device
–Jacquard’s weaving looms
–Babbage machines: difference and analytic engines
–Hollerith machine
–A Brief Overview of the History of Computers (cont’d.)
•Early computer-like machines
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–Mark I
–ENIAC
–Von Neumann architecture
–UNIVAC
–Transistors and microprocessors
–A Brief Overview of the History of Computers (cont’d.)
•Categories of computers
–Mainframe computers
–Midsize computers
–Micro computers (personal computers)
•Elements of a Computer System
•Hardware
•CPU
•Main memory
•Secondary storage
•Input/Output devices
•Software
•Hardware
•CPU
•Main memory: RAM
•Input/output devices
•Secondary storage
•Central Processing Unit and Main Memory
•Central processing unit
–Brain of the computer
–Most expensive piece of hardware
–Carries out arithmetic and logical operations
•Central Processing Unit and Main Memory (cont’d.)
•Central Processing Unit and Main Memory (cont’d.)
•Random access memory
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–Directly connected to the CPU
•All programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be executed
•All data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated
•When computer power is turned off, everything in main memory is lost
•Central Processing Unit and Main Memory (cont’d.)
•Main memory is an ordered sequence of memory cells
–Each cell has a unique location in main memory, called the address of the cell
•Each cell can contain either a programming instruction or data
•Secondary Storage
•Secondary storage: device that stores information permanently
•Examples of secondary storage:
–Hard disks
–Flash drives
–Floppy disks
–Zip disks
–CD-ROMs
–Tapes
•Input/Output Devices
•Input devices feed data and programs into computers
–Keyboard
–Mouse
–Secondary storage
•Output devices display results
–Monitor
–Printer
–Secondary storage
•Software
•Software: programs that do specific tasks
•System programs control the computer
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