BIOL 205 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Spindle Checkpoint, Cdk Inhibitor, G1 Phase

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sangriafrog570

4 Dec 2016

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Cells are generated from cells, and the only way to make more cells is by the division of those that already exist. A cell reproduces by carrying out an orderly sequence of events in which it duplicates its contents and then divides in two. This cycle of duplication and division, known as the cell cycle, is the essential mechanism by which all living things reproduce. The details of the cell cycle vary from organism to organism and at different times in an individual organism"s life. In unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and yeasts, each cell division produces a complete new organism, whereas many rounds of cell division are required to make a new multicellular organism from a fertilized egg. Certain features of the cell cycle, however, are universal, as they allow every cell to perform its most fundamental task to copy and pass on its genetic information to the next generation of cells.

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Question 3 (5 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 3 options:

	telophase II
	meiosis II
	telophase I
	anaphase I
	anaphase II

1.	Division, beginning without DNA replication, that resembles and produces four haploid cell.s
2.	Phase of meiosis when chiasmata are broken as spindle fibers shorten and homologous pairs are pulled apart.
3.	Phase of meiosis when sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cells.
4.	Phase of meiosis in which homologues cluster at the poles of the cells and the nuclear envelope reforms.
5.	Phase of meiosis in which four different haploid cells are present.

Question 4 (7 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 4 options:

	G0
	telophase
	G2
	mitosis
	cytokinesis
	cell cycle
	S

1.	The phase in which the cell synthesizes a replica of its genome
2.	The overall process of genome duplication
3.	The phase in the cell cycle during which mitochondria and other organelles replicate.
4.	The phase in mitosis when chromosomes are clustered at opposite poles and the spindle apparatus disappears
5.	A resting state that cells often enter before resuming cell division.
6.	The phase in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides creating two daughter cells.
7.	The phase in the cell cycle in which the spindle apparatus assembles and sister chromatids move apart.

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Question 5 (6 points)

Put the events of a MAP kinase cascade in the correct order.

Question 5 options:

	MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates another kinase
	MAPKK phosphorylates and activates MAPK
	Binding of MAPKKK to Ras
	External signal binds to membrane receptor and activates receptor kinase.
	MAPK phosphorylates an inactive response protein and activates it.
	Phosphorylation of receptor kinase and interaction with RAS

Some cancer drugs such as vinblastine function by preventingformation of the mitotic spindle. The outcome is to_____________________________ of(in) cancerous cells.
A) prevent chromosomes coiling ready for duplication
B) reinstate the stop/start controls in the cell cycle
C) prevent chromosomes from producing chromatids
D) prevent homologous chromosomes lining up on the metaphaseplate
2. Most of the cell cycle is spent in ________________ during whichtime the cell grows and performs normal functions.
A) interphase
B) S phase
C) G2 phase
D) M (mitotic) phase
3. When an organism is described as âhaploidâ this infers that itscells
A) each contain one set of chromosomes
B) each contain half a chromosome
C) each contain two sets of chromosomes
D) each contain an âYâ chromosome
4. During _________________ of meiosis chromatids of homologouschromosomes exchange genetic material.
A) prophase II
B) anaphase I
C) prophase I
D) anaphase II
5. In a cell containing 20 chromosomes the process of meiosis willresult in ___ chromosomes in each cell.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 30
6. Some fungi cells complete mitosis however they do not completecytokinesis. This would result in
A) large nuclei containing many chromatids
B) large cells containing lots of nuclei
C) many cells each containing one nucleus
D) daughter cells identical to the original cell
7. Which of the following statements best describes a karyotype? Apicture showing
A) most pairs of homologous chromosomes including sex chromosomestaken from a skin cell
B) pairs of homologous chromosomes taken from a sperm cell
C) all pairs of homologous chromosomes taken from a skin cell
D) pairs of homologous chromosomes taken from an egg cell
8. Which one of the following occurs during mitosis?
A) Chromosomes are duplicated
B) The cell grows
C) Organelles such as mitochondria are duplicated
D) Chromatids separate
9. The function of meiosis is to generate cells
A) that are identical to the original cell
B) to be used for asexual reproduction
C) to be used in sexual reproduction
D) to be used for tissue repair
10. The general body cells of a Koala bear contain 16 chromosomes.Completion of one cell cycle will result in ______ cell(s) (each)with _____ chromosomes.
A) one; 16
B) two; 32
C) two; 32
D) two; 16

blushsnail26

Q1.

You are a genetic engineering hired by the biotechnology company, Genes 'R' Us, to use genetic engineering to develop a new rose that glows. Place the following steps in the order you would need to perform them to successfully genetically engineer the rose with this trait.

-Extract all of the DNA from a firefly cell

-Use traditional plant breeding techniques to improve the performance of the rose, which has the new glowing gene (transgene)

-Clone the single gene that encodes the glowing protein

-Insert the glowing gene into single rose plant cell using either the gene gun or agrobacterium

-Modify the glowing gene so it acts In the way you want it once its inside the rose plants

-Identify the firefly as an organism that would have a gene encoding a protein for a âglowing traitâ

Q2.

Genetic engineering is different from traditional plant breeding in that (select all that apply)

___genetic engineering 'physically' removes DNA (genes) from one organism and inserts them into another

___plant breeding and classical biotechnology relies on natural sexual reproduction to create variation while genetic engineering introduces variation one or a few genes at a time into a single cell.

___genetic variation used in classical biotechnology (plant breeding) comes from mutations in genes already found in that crop species. In genetic engineering, new genes are added to the genetic makeup of a plant

___genetic engineers can move DNA from any organism into any organism, even if they are not in the same species.

Q3.

Which method of plant transformation works and depends upon an organism that is a "naturally occurring" genetic engineer?

A)Gene Gun

B)Agrobacterium

C)Microneedle insertion into a plant egg cell

D)Electric Shock of Plant Cells

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BIOL 205 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Spindle Checkpoint, Cdk Inhibitor, G1 Phase

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