BIOL 205 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Chemiosmosis, Atp Synthase, Membrane Transport Protein

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4 Dec 2016

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The fundamental need to generate energy efficiently has had a profound influence on the history of life on earth. Much of the structure, function, and evolution of cells and organisms can be related to their need for energy. The earliest cells may have produced atp by breaking down organic molecules, left by earlier geochemical processes, using some form of fermentation. Fermentation reactions occur in the cytosol of present-day cells. These reactions use the energy derived from the partial oxidation of energy-rich food molecules to form atp, the chemical energy currency of cells. But very early in the history of life, a much more efficient method for generating energy and synthesizing atp appeared. This process is based on the transport of electrons along membranes. Billions of years later, it is so central to the survival of life on earth that we devote this entire chapter to it.

Related Questions

1.When something appears blue, it is absorbing all colors except__________.

yellow

blue

red

green

orange

2.During heavy exercise, lactic acid can build up in ourmuscles. Why? How does this resemble the metabolism of bacteria andyeast?

lactic acid is results from insufficient oxygen during sugarmetabolism; it is fermentation

lactic acid accumulates when we are dehydrated; bacteria andyeast use the same pathway

lactic acid is built up from carbon dioxide; bacteria and yeaststore energy in this way

3.Why must a cell keep a similar concentration of dissolvedsubstances with the fluid surrounding them?

to avoid dilution of potential energy

to avoid osmotic imbalance and rapid gain or loss of water

to maintain the correct amount of dehydration and hydrolysis

4.What is entropy?

the amount of energy in a system

the amount of disorganization

the amount of organization

5.Burning a log is the reverse reaction found in photosynthesis.What products would be formed in burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen and water

6.The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur stepby step instead of a single, big reaction is

cells don't store enough oxygen

too much energy would be released for the cell to harness

cells don't have many mitochondria.

cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration veryslowly

7.Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to:

raise activation energy

lower activation energy

supply activation energy

supply the reactants

8.When ATP powers a reaction it becomes ADP. The ADP

can reform ATP by an exergonic reaction

is a waste product for lysosomal breakdown

can reform ATP by an endergonic reaction

can reform ATP by an oxidation reaction

can reform ATP by an equilibrium reaction

9.The energy source that drives photosynthesis is

water

glucose

carbon dioxide

oxygen

sunlight

10. What is the process by which enzymes regulate their ownactivity?

osmosis

self-propulsion

feedback inhibition

11.Coupled reactions are reactions in which a

endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

12.How is water used in photosynthesis?

as a substrate for ATP synthase

as an electron donor

to combine with ADP forming ATP

as an electron acceptor

13.Why are the âDark Reactionsâ of photosynthesis referred to asâDarkâ?

they do not require light

they can only occur at night

they generate excess sugar and the leaves turn brown

14.What is the difference between potential and kineticenergy?

potential is stored, kinetic is being used

potential is being used, kinetic is ready to be used

potential is negative, kinetic is positive

15.The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glucose, water, and ATP

glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP

oxygen, ATP, and water

carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

16.All of the following are correct about energy except:

The biological world gets its energy from the sun.

Chemical bonds store potential energy.

A boulder perched on a hill has kinetic energy.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

All forms of energy can be converted to heat.

17.What is needed for the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate,to enter the citric acid cycle?

More glucose for energy

ATP

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

18.The enzyme that forms a transmembrane channel in mitochondriaand phosphorylates ADP

a carrier protein

ATP synthase

acetyl CoA

19.Fermentation is most common in

plants

microorganisms

animals

20.During adsorption of sunlight by photosystems, H+ ions aregenerated. Where do they come from? What are they used for?

from the breakdown of sugar; they help form water

water; they help form sugar

from carbon dioxide; they help dissolve NaCl

21.Glycolysis

does not use oxygen

uses oxygen

uses carbon dioxide

22.Photosynthesis is

not dependent on chlorophyll

a process that produces glucose and oxygen

a process that produces water and carbon dioxide

23.Breakdown of glucose generates many ATP molecules, each ofwhich can be used independently. Why is ATP ideally suited to powerbiological reactions?

ATP has many hydrogen bonds

ATP has enough energy to power one biological reaction

ATP readily dissolves in water

24.Objects that are not actively moving but have the capacity todo so are said to possess:

kinetic energy

entropy

potential energy

living energy

25.The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________,takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

photorespiration

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

oxidation

26.Diffusion

requires energy

utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane

moves molecules against a concentration gradient

does not require energy

cannot occur without a membrane present

27.What is the name of the molecule on which an enzymeworks?

substrate

monomer

polymer

28.ATP contains

phenylalanine

two phosphate groups

three nitrate groups

three phosphate groups

29.How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?

by absorbing carbon dioxide

by absorbing the sun's energy

by absorbing water

30.Objects that are moving are said to possess:

living energy

potential energy

entropy

kinetic energy

31.The respiration pathway that evolved first is probably

glycolysis

aerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

32.The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

oxygen

sunlight

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

33.Burning wood generates heat and light. What type of reactionis this?

exergonic

kinetic energy

endergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

34.What is meant by a âcoupled reactionâ in terms of energy?

many poymers are built simultaneously

energy released by one reactions powers another reaction

some reactions occur in the same organelle

35.The First Law of Thermodynamics states:

energy is constantly being created by entropy events

energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed

energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy'sactions on it

energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy

36.How do we dispose of the carbon derived from the glucose thatis metabolized during respiration?

by breathing out

via our urine

it is broken down in lysosomes

37.Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because theyboth

carry on respiration

carry on photosynthesis.

require water

38.What is Activation Energy?

the energy needed to initiate a reaction

the energy that transports water into cells

potential energy

39.If you put a plant in a chamber and shine a light on it

oxygen will decrease and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen will increase and carbon dioxide will decrease

oxygen and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen and carbon dioxide will decrease

40.What are the inputs and the output molecules for the overallphotosynthetic process?

input sugar and oxygen; output carbon dioxide and water

input oxygen and water; output sugar and carbon dioxide

input carbon dioxide and water;output sugar and oxygen

41.What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

endergonic

kinetic energy

exergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

42.In the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into a pairof three-carbon molecules called

lactate

pyruvate

acetyl CoA

ATP

alcohol

43.Entropy is

order

disorder

complexity

Both order and disorder are correct

Both complexity and disorder are correct

44.Glycolysis takes place in the _____________ and the citricacid cycle and electron transport chain take place in the___________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria, chloroplast

mitochondria; cytoplasm

cytoplasm; mitochondria

45.The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants isthe

mitochondria

chloroplast

ribosome

chlorophylllysosome

46.The energy to power the Calvin cycle comes from

cellular respiration

oxygen

the light reactions of photosynthesis

47.Which of the following can be broken down into intermediateproducts that enter cellular respiration?

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

All of these.

48.When cellular product levels get too high, the responsibleenzyme is inhibited. This is an example of

promotion

denaturation

equilibrium

a coenzyme

feedback inhibition

49.How is respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?

respiration breaks sugar down to carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbuilds sugar from carbon dioxide

respiration builds sugar from carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbreaks sugar down to carbon dioxide

respiration requires energy input; photosynthesis gives offexcess energy

50.The molecule that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis is

oxygen

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

sunlight

amaranthbear841

1. Humans have the scientific name Homo sapiens. We are members of the family Pongidae, in the order Primates, in the class Mammalia, in the phylum Chordata. Based only on this information, which of the following is not a correct statement?

a. The speciation event (lineage-splitting) that generated the genus Homo occurred earlier than the speciation event that generated the species H. sapiens.

b. The most inclusive of these taxonomic groups is Chordata.

c. The genus Homo might have as many species as are in the entire family Pongidae.

d. There can be no other species in the genus Homo.

e. All mammals must be Chordates.

2. Endotherms differ from ectotherms in that:

a. Environmental temperature has little effect on the energy budget of endotherms but a strong effect on the energy budget of ectotherms.

b. An endotherm's metabolic rate is not affected by temperature whereas the metabolism of an ectotherm has a Q10 of 2-3.

c. Endotherms are vertebrates and ectotherms are invertebrates.

d. On average, endotherms are much better sprinters (i.e., can run faster for short distances) than ectotherms.

e. Endotherms are much better able to support endurance exercise than ectotherms.

3. You measure oxygen consumption of a lizard at three temperatures, as follows: 18 Â°C: 0.090 ml O2/min 23 Â°C: 0.135 ml O2/min 28 Â°C: 0.200 ml O2/min From these data you calculate the Q10 to be:

a. 1.8

b. 2.0

c. 2.2

d. 2.5

e. none of these are correct.

4. What is the best description of how evolution by selection (natural or artificial) works?

a. mutation generates variation randomly, sex makes new combinations of genes randomly, and selection picks the best ones for reproduction.

b. selection leads to non-random mutation to make useful new alleles, which are then combined by sex.

c. exposure to environmental factors leads to non-random mutations that improve fitness.

d. through selection, mutations occur in those genes that will improve fitness.

e. mutation generates random new alleles, and sex combines them in ways that select the best for future generations.

5. Which of the following is a correct match between a major lineage and its characteristics?

a. Archaea: extremophiles, ribosomes, RNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

b. Eukarya: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, photosynthetic or chemohetrotrophic

c. Bacteria: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

d. Eumetazoa: extremophiles, ribosomes, DNA as genetic material, nuclear membrane, chemoheterotrophic

e. Protostomes: triploblastic, eucoelomate, blastopore becomes anus, indeterminate cleavage

6. Which of the following statements about animal life history events is correct?

a. Being multicellular requires a larval stage in the life cycle.

b. Mutation is sufficient to produce considerable genetic variation between different tissues in an individual.

c. Senescence is defined by slow, constant decline in survival as individuals get older.

d. Different cell types are formed when different but specific portions of the zygoteâs DNA are lost from the different germ layers during development.

e. In an individual, the only cells that differ genetically from other cells are gametes.

7. Which of the following statements about terrestrial vertebrates is correct?

a. Jaws evolved from paired appendages, which in turn evolved because they improved swimming ability.

b. Legs evolved from fins after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land.

c. Jaws and inner ear bones evolved from gill arches, and leglike appendages evolved under selection for aquatic locomotion.

d. Viviparity (giving birth to well-developed young instead of laying eggs) was vital to the ability to reproduce on land without returning to the water.

e. Lungs for breathing air evolved after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land (the first land vertebrates had to depend on gills for breathing air)

8. The essential features of a hydrostatic skeleton include:

a. antagonistic muscles.

b. a non-deformable fluid-filled space

c. flexible joints.

d. compressible material capable of changing volume

e. all of the above (a) â (d) are correct.

9. You are a Peace Corps volunteer physician in a developing country. You notice that some of the villages you visit have a high incidence of a parasitic disease, but other nearby villages are unaffected. Investigating you find the villages with disease are in wet areas with lots of snails and frogs, while the disease-free villages are in drier places but have lots of insects and mice. From this information, what might you reasonably conclude about the type of parasite responsible for the disease?

a. Itâs a trematode (these need mollusks as intermediate hosts).

b. Itâs a nematode (these are vectored mainly by frogs).

c. Itâs an apicomplexan parasite (these require wet areas and enter the skin through standing water).

d. Itâs a trypanosome (these are transmitted by mammal bites).

e. The information doesnât provide useful clues about the type of parasite.

10. Which of the following pairs of primary diagnostic characters is correctly matched with taxonomic groups?

a. circulatory system vs. water vascular system: Nematoda vs. Echinodermata

b. schizocoely vs. enterocoely: Radiata vs. Bilateria

c. pharyngeal slits vs. polyp and medusa: Chordata vs. Cnidaria

d. gastrovascular cavity vs. complete gut: Cnidaria vs. Cestoda

e. hemocoel vs. contractile vacuole: apicomplexans vs. rhizopoda

Please provide explanation too.

BIOL 205 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Chemiosmosis, Atp Synthase, Membrane Transport Protein

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