CHEM 183 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Inventio, Arsphenamine, Aspirin

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olivia.dagostino67

2 Oct 2021

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McGill University

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Chemistry

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CHEM 183

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CHEM 183 Full Course Notes

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Patent medicines (1850s - 1906) + fda regulations. About 110-120 years ago people started trying to discover which compounds actually cured disease. "proper drugs" paul ehrlich won a nobel prize in 1908 for his inventio of salvarsan used to relieve disturbance of syphilis. 1906 laws that prohibited compounds from advertising too much. 1938 - the federal food, drug and cosmetic act was made law. Durham humphrey 1951 amendment to the 1938 fda act set out that the would be 2 categories of sale for drugs. Prior to this amendment prescriptions were only needed for narcotics and cocaine. Classic problems in drug testing ay ention r of law at there and. Helped morning sickness in pregnant women but caused birth defects (german singer and guy who can play guitar with his toes) Interfered at the end of first trimester when limbs are being develop. Found out that it was not tested on women by dr. frances kelsey, a.

Related Questions

1) Discovery of a new drug involves screening large chemical libraries to identify active com- pounds. These libraries are usually quite large, with thousands or perhaps millions of com- pounds, and the proportion p of active compounds is often quite small. We will assume the probability that each individual compound is active is p and that each compound is indepen- dent.

(a) Discuss how the Bernoulli trial assumptions apply here; talk about individual drug com- pounds (not generic âtrialsâ). Also, identify a practical situation where the Bernoulli trial assumptions would not hold in this context.

For the remainder of this problem, we will assume that the Bernoulli trial assumptions hold. From a discovery point of view, the obvious question is,

âHow should we search an entire library of compounds to find those compounds that are active?â

Suppose that there are N = mk compounds in a chemical library and that we would like to determine the active/nonactive status of each compound. Consider the following two ways to do this:

(i) Each compound can be tested separately. This will require N tests.â¨(ii) Form m pools of k compounds by assigning each compound to exactly one pool. Test

the pools. If a pool tests negative, all k compounds in it are negative (and only 1 test is needed). If a pool tests positive, each of the k compounds will subsequently be tested separately (therefore, k + 1 tests will be required for the k compounds).

Important: We will assume that the test that classifies compounds and compound pools is perfect; there are no mistakes in classification.

(b) What is the probability that a single pool of k compounds will test positive?

â¨(c) Let Y denote the number of tests needed to screen the entire library under (ii). Find an expression for E(Y ), the expected number of tests. Your answer here should depend on m, k, and p.

â¨(d) In terms of minimizing the expected number of tests to be performed on the N compounds, which plan, (i) or (ii), would be preferred if p is close to 0? Justify your answer using the expression derived in part (c).â¨

(e) For concreteness (only for this part), suppose that N = 100000, and consider the following choices of (m, k) under plan (ii):

m = 20000, k = 5 m = 10000, k = 10 m = 5000, k = 20 m = 2000, k = 50

For each choice, graph E(Y ) as a function of p over the range 0 < p < 0.20. Try to identify regions of p where each (m,k) combination above would be preferred; i.e., where E(Y) is smallest.

.â¨(f) We made an assumption that there are no mistakes in classification (i.e., positive pools test positively; negative pools test negatively). Provide two realistic scenarios where such an assumption may be violated.

Could you please explain number 3 and 4 â draw a detailed mechanism using appropriate arrow formation for all the acid-base equilibrium steps that occur during this experiment. Use the specific acid and neutral components that you identified in your drawingâ and â provide a detailed description of how you would use extraction to separate a mixture of âacidic and neutral components be specific and describe each step of the separation and which sample contains each of the components of the mixture after theyâve been separated flow chart maybe useful in your answerâ

4. what are the products formed by digestion of the followingnutrients?

a. carbohydrates

b.fats

c. proteins

8. give definitions for the following words and terms as appliedto fats and fatty acids

a. saturated

b. monounsaturated

c. polyunsaturated

d. partially hydrogenated

12, what are the major cateogries of information required on anutrition facts label?

16. overdoses of which of the following vitamins shoulddefinitely be avoided? Why?

a. riboflavin

b. vitamin c

c. vitamin a

d. vitamin b

e. vitamin d

18. what is the gras list?

24, lactose is sometimes refeered to as milk sugar because it isthe principal carbohydrate in milk. the lactose structure follows.is this a monosacharide, disaccharide, orpolysaccharide?explain

28. folic acid is found in citrus fruits and leafy greenvegetables. the fda is now requiring that folic acid be added tocereals, breads, and pastas. The american journal of public healthysays that such grain fortification would prevent 300 to 700 birthdefects per year. at the level recommended for addition,approximately 3.25 million adults over 50 would recieve too muchfolic acid. what question would you want to answer before you wouldsupport such a nationwide program?

30. should the government embark on a national program to addmore calcium to our diets to reduce our chances of calciumdeficiency and osteoporosis? giv eone reason for such a program andone against.

34. what foods have you eaten during the past week that did notcontain any food additive?

2. give definitions of the following terms

a. over-the-counter drug

b. prescription drug

c. generic name for a drug

d. trade name for a drug

4. what are antibotics?

10. for what disease or condition is each of the followingclasses of drugs used?

a. analgesics

b. antipyretics

c. antibiotics

d. antihistamines

16. describe the following and give an example of each

a. schedule 1 drugs

b. schedule 2 drugs

20. name a drugh that might be used to treat angina

28. what are the applications for the following drugs?

a. tylenol

b. ibuprofen

30. how are cocaine and crack related?

38. describe the normal steps in the action of aneurotransmitter at a nerve synapse

42. the fda requires extensive testing of a prospective drug.the process can take almost 12 years. other countries have muchshorter approval processes. imagine that you have a close relativewho is suffering from a serious illness and an effective drug isavailable only outside the united states. what are the possiblecourse of action? what would you do?

CHEM 183 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Inventio, Arsphenamine, Aspirin

CHEM 183 Full Course Notes

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