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1 Feb 2019

Write explanatory short notes on the following: (4X5=20)
2.1 Soil as a microbial environment (5) 2.2 Soil microorganisms linked to plant and human disease (5)
2.3 Positive and negative microbial interactions (5)
2.4 The rumen as an ecosystem (5)

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Jamar Ferry
Jamar FerryLv2
3 Feb 2019

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Related questions

. You are interested in continuing the work of Dr Mendes. What is one additional question that you might logically ask about this issue? Justify the question that you propose by logically describing why this is an important question to ask. Design and describe how to run an experiment to test the question you proposed. Be very specific. Make sure that the design is feasible (no growing plants on Jupiter). Include the following: · Independent and dependent variables · Control variables · Equipment and supplies needed · Outline the basic protocol to follow. · Describe WHY and HOW you will manipulate variables

here is the full question:

Do soil microorganisms protect against crop disease?

The rhizosphere, the soil layer surrounding plant roots, is a complex community in which archaea, bacteria, fungi, and plants interact with one another. After plants are attacked by fungal or bacterial pathogens, soil from the rhizosphere may protect plants from future attacks. Such protective soil is called disease-suppressive.

Researchers investigated whether microorganisms were responsible for the protective effects of disease-suppressive soils. Disease-suppressive soil was obtained from an agricultural field in the Netherlands in which sugar beet crops had previously been attacked by a fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Other soil was collected from the margin of the field. The researchers predicted that soil from the margin would not offer protection against pathogens.

The researchers then planted and raised sugar beets in greenhouses, using 5 different soil treatments. Each soil treatment was applied to 4 pots, and each pot contained 8 plants. The pots were inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and placed in greenhouses kept at 20°C with a 16-hour light: 8-hour dark cycle. After 20 days, researchers determined the percentage of infected sugar beet seedlings for each soil treatment. The results of the experiment are shown in the table.

Soil Treatment

Percentage of Seedlings

with Fungal Disease

Disease-suppressive soil

3.0

Soil from margin of field

62

Soil from margin of field

+10% disease-suppressive soil

39

Disease-suppressive soil heated

to 50∘C for 1 hour

31

Disease-suppressive soil heated

to 80∘C for 1 hour

70

(Data from R. Mendes, et al. Deciphering the rhizosphere for disease-suppressive bacteria, Science 332: 1097-1100 (2011)).


1- How is microbiology defined? What types of organisms are considered microorganisms? What terms do we use to describe people who study the different types of microorganisms?

2- What are some positive interactions as well as negative interactions we have with microorganisms? Remember, we have ca. 10X more microbial cells on or in our bodies than we do cells of our bodies.

3- How is matter defined? What are the 3 states of matter?

4- What is an atom? What particles make up on atom? Where are these particles found within the atom?

5- What elements are most abundant in living cells (human cells)?

6- What are isotopes? How are radioactive isotopes used in research applications?

7- Remember that molecules (combinations of 2 or more atoms) are held together with chemical bonds.

8- How does a covalent bond differ from an ionic bond? What distinguishes a polar molecule from a non-polar molecule?

9- The pH scale ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic); 7 is neutral.

10 How does an organic chemical differ from an inorganic chemical.

I'm not getting those questions

True or False????? HELP

1. In the field of epidemiology, increased prevalence of a disease in a population is the universal signal that disease control and treatment are not effective.

2. Cytoplasmic membranes of prokaryotes typically contain more proteins than cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes microorganisms.
3. Sanger (or dideoxy) DNA sequencing produces relatively short DNA sequence data, but is by far the least expensive DNA sequencing method currently available.
4. The (italicizes) abbreviation lac Z refers explicitly to the beta galactosidase protein/ enzyme.
5. Archaeal pathogens have been linked to some of the most virulent infectious diseases. 6. A bacterial mutant that is unable to make an amino acid required for growth (relative to its wild-type strain is termed an auxotroph.
7. When counting plaques to enumerate phage particles (as in the BIOL2026 Laboratory), the plaque represents lacK, not presence, of bacterial growth.
8. Because of competition with plant roots for nutrients, microbial numbers in the rhizosphere are typically much lower than in surrounding bulk soil.
9. Chemolithoautotrophy is the strategy that facilitates the existence of biological communities deep beneath the earth’s surface and near hydrothermal vents.

10. In a primary treatment (1 °) system of a municipal sewage/ wastewater treatment plant, the main goal is to remove ammonium (NH4+) using specific bacterial enrichment cultures.
11. The small intestine in human is the main site of microbial breakdown of partially digested food.
12. Root nodules of legumes contain nitrogen fixing bacteria.
13. Anoxygenic photosynthesis involves using/ removing electrons from H2O.
14. Algae and Cyanobacteria utilize generally the same two-photosystem biochemical mechanisms in the light- reaction of photosynthesis.
15. In bacteria, the only known reason proton motive force is generated is to power ATP synthase in cellular respiration/ oxidative phosphorylation.
16. Anaerobic respiration is only carried out by prokaryotes, however fermentation can be carried out by both prokaryote and eukaryal microorganism.

17. The general structure and biochemical “motors” of flagella are similar between Bacteria and eukaryotic cells, but fundamentally different in the Archaea.
18. Antibiotic resistance genes appeared in microbes (for the first time ever) only after human .. producing and releasing massive amounts of antibiotics to the environment.
19. Experiment by Esther Lederberg, and then later by Luria and Delbruck (that won them a Nobel prize), illustrated that genetic mutations in bacteria arose in the absence of selective pressures, rather than in response to selection.
20. Quaternary sensing is a mechanism used by bacteria to sense other bacteria and regulate gene expression accordingly (e.g. In the case of expressing the liac operon or initiating EPS production in biofilms).

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