The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects helper T cells.What is the role of these cells in the immune system (be ascomplete as possible)? How does the loss of these cells lead to theprofound immunodeficiency seen in people who develop AIDS (AcquiredImmune Defiiciency Syndrome) as a result of being infected withthis virus.

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26 Oct 2022

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Trinidad TremblayLv2

14 Aug 2019

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As far as I know and could understand from reading about HIV, Thelper cell is one of the main reasons to develop AIDS in patientsinfected with HIV virus, that because the absence of helper T cellsuppresses the immune system because no T cell cytokines releasedto allow other white blood cells to attack or release antigens.

Q1. Did I understand it correctly?

Q2. Now if my understanding is correct, whydon't scientists find a way to produce T cell cytokines in the lab?and then inject it to patients with HIV? wouldn't that in theoryrevive the immune system and perhaps heal them or at least makethem live longer?

Below is a paragraph describing HIV infection as they relate to the progress of infection. Please help choose the correct answer in each parentheses.

HIV initially infects (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells. These are helper T cells that activate (CD4+ or ,CD8+ or, B) cytotoxic T cells and (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells which produce antibodies. If HIV kills (CD4+, or CD8+) T cells then they cannot to do their job of activating these cells thus causing HIV infected people to be immunocompromised. Sometimes HIV infected people enter a latency period where the virus is inactive. This latency period can last for several years. During latency HIV (DNA, or RNA) becomes integrated into the (CD4+ or CD8+, or B) host cells genome and stops producing viral HIV RNA and new HIV virions. However, for some unknown reason, HIV comes out of dormancy and the viral (RNA, or DNA ) that was integrated in the (CD4+ , or CD8+,) T cell genome begins to transcribe more viral (DNA , or RNA) to make more viral (DNA, or RNA) using the host cells machinery. The viral (DNA, or RNA) then gets translated by host cell ribosomes to make viral proteins that eventually become packaged into new HIV virions. Consequently, after the latency period HIV becomes activated in the host cell. These cells present HIV antigen on their cell surface and alert (CD8+ or CD4+ or B) cells to kill them. As they are killed the infected (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells release the HIV virions into the blood stream to infect other (CD4+ or CD8+) cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. This explains why after latency we see (CD4+, or CD8+) T cells continue to decrease while at the same time viral (DNA, or RNA) levels increase.

Based on your answers to the fill in paragraph, which statement is true?

A. Once active in CD8+ T cells, HIV can now replicate with impunity and infect other cells which explains the increase in HIV RNA after latency.

B. The increase in active HIV after latency accounts for why HIV can remain dormant for years after the initial infection.

C. CD4+ levels stabilize after the latency period and explain why there is little increase in HIV RNA levels.

D. Opportunist infections can occur after HIV latency because there are very few helper T cells to left to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to mount an immune response.

1.) After receiving a vaccine containing a particlesfrom a dead virus (not able to infect cells) and an adjuvant, onewould expect a person to have increased inflammation, NK cellactivity and interferon secretion at the injection site. True orFalse, and why?

2.) If a person's Helper T cells were able to beactivated and were able to clonally expand, but were unable tosecrete cytokines, that person would be more susceptible to bothbacterial and viral infections because of decreased reponses ofCytotoxic T cells and B cells. True or False, and why?

3.)A person suffering from AIDS and a person sufferingfrom a primary immune deficiency could both have low numbers ofCD4-expressing Helper T cells, but a person suffering from anautoimmune disease probably would not. True or False, andwhy?

4.)All of the macrophages in an otherwisehealthy human are infected with a virus. The virus is able to usethe macrophage's enzymes to produce more viral particles, but itdoes not kill the macrophages. Will the macrophage be able toactivate Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, or both? Explain youranswer. Be sure to include a description of the interactionsbetween viral antigens, MHC molecules and TCRs found on themacrophage and/or T cells in your answer. True or False,and why?