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All living cells are capable of metabolism. Many metabolicpathways are amphibolic. Class, let's discuss the many differentways cells regulate their metabolic pathways to maximizeefficiency.

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Trinidad Tremblay
Trinidad TremblayLv2
30 Sep 2019

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Metabolic compartmentalization is a recurring theme inmacronutrient metabolism. These compartmentalized pathways areimportant in limiting so-called “futile cycles”. Two of the mostimportant cellular compartments we discuss are the cytosolic (orcytoplasmic) compartment and the mitochondrial compartment.

Questions

(A) Discuss the implications of skeletal muscle cells exhibitinga higher mitochondrial density than a fibroblast.

(B) What can you infer about differences in mitochondrialdensity between cells or tissues?

Insulin is a hormone signal that is released in response to increased glucose levels in the blood. The normal cellular response to insulin is for cells to take glucose from the blood and transport it into the cell and then activate catabolic pathways of carbohydrates. Predict and explain what effect, if any, insulin would have on fatty acid metabolism. (6 sentences maximum)

a. Excellent answers will consider multiple metabolic pathways and state a clear explanation for their prediction of insulin’s effect on the pathway.

In this week’s forum article, Nutrient Utilization in Humans: Metabolism Pathways,(http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/nutrient-utilization-in-humans-metabolism-pathways-14234029) the types of molecules and the mechanisms by which the potential chemical energy in those molecules is transformed into the type of energy capable of powering cellular work is discussed. After reading the article, answer the questions listed below. ( Read the article and answer the following questions)

1. What was Antoine Lavoisier’s major contribution to our understanding of energy metabolism in living organisms?

2. Max Rubner showed that carbohydrates and proteins produce approximately 4 Kcal/g of energy when oxidized, whereas lipids generate up to 9 Kcal/g. How can this difference be explained?

3. This article points out that a major misconception, especially for many undergraduates, is that human cells only use glucose as a fuel source. In fact, all three major absorbed end products of the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can be utilized by most cells for the generation of ATP. What serves as the major entry point (mechanism) for these different classes of molecules that makes it possible for them to serve as fuel for ATP production? Why does this mechanism not work in the absence of oxygen? Hint: consider glycolysis and fermentation.

4. Although many of the approximately 200 cell types in the human body can utilize all three major classes of food molecules for energy, not all can. Why? Provide an example.

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