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1. Which cellular processes occur as a consequence of differential control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells?

a) Cell Differentiation

b) Differential Translation

c) Differential Polymerization

d) Differential DNA Replication

e) Differential tRNA Degradation

2) Multicellular organisms are comprised of a variety of cells with different morphologies and different functions. Which is the underlying mechanism that leads to the generation of diverse cell in one organism?

a) The expression of all genes in all cell types.

b) The duplication of the genome in certain cell types.

c) The elimination of specific group of genes from different cell types.

d) The differential expression of particular sets of genes required for a particular cellular phenotype

e) All of the above

3) Which of these statements defines paracrine cell signaling?

a)

A messenger molecule released into the blood stream to bind to a receptor on a cell far away from the release site.

b)

A messenger molecule released by a cell into the extracellular space that binds to receptors on the surface of the same cell.

c)

A messenger molecules released by a cell into the extracellular space that travels short distances to bind to a receptor in a nearby cell.

d)

A messenger molecule release by a tissue into the lumen of an organ that diffuse to bind to receptors far away from the release site.

e)

All of the above.

4) Which effect has the binding of the ligand to a G-protein coupled receptor on intracellular G-protein?

a)

ATP is hydrolyzed, activating phosphorylation

b)

GTP is exchanged for GDP on the G protein, inactivating the G protein

c)

GDP is exchanged for GTP on the G protein, activating the G protein

d)

GMP is released from the G-protein, inactivating the receptor

e)

None of the above

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Patrina Schowalter
Patrina SchowalterLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Cell Biology (#1-5)

1) What does a non-synonymous DNA mutation cause?

a) No amino acid change

b) A change in the reading frame of the mRNA

c) The substitution of an amino acid

d) Creates a premature termination codon

e) All of the above

2) What does a non-sense DNA mutation cause?

a) No amino acid change b) Alters the normal reading frame of the mRNA

c) The substitution of an amino acid

d) Creates a premature termination codon

e) All of the above

3) If you sequence the genome of 100 cells from different tissues of the same multicellular organism. How do you expect the sequences to be?

a) 10% identical c)100% identical

b) 50% identical d) 100% different e) will depend on the tissue selected

4) Multicellular organisms are comprised of a variety of cells with different morphologies and different functions. Which is the underlying mechanism that leads to the generation of diverse cell in one organism?

a) The expression of all genes in all cell types

b) The duplication of the genome in certain cell types

c) The elimination of specific group of genes from different cell types

d) The differential expression of particular sets of genes requires for a particular cellular phenotype

e) All of the above

5)You are growing bacteria which can use lactose and glucose. The culture medium has lactose, which induces transcription of the enzymes required to use lactose. If you add glucose to the medium. What do you expect to happen?

a) The bacteria will keep using lactose

b) The bacteria will shut down the Lac operon and use glucose

c) The bacteria will stop growing

d) The bacteria will die

e) The bacteria will use both lactose and glucose

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5 Loss-of-function mutations in DNA repair genes

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a. analogous
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a. to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light.
b. in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system.
c. to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells
d. in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin.

15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:

a. inheritance of acquired characters.
b. the founder effect.
c. disruptive selection.
d. natural selection.

16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:

a. purine always pairs with a pyrimidine.
b. purine always pairs with a purine.
c. pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine.
d. The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair.

17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:

a. rRNA.
b. tRNA.
c. mRNA.
d. RNA polymerase.

18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:

a. repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around.
b. enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors.
c. messenger RNA during the process of transcription.
d. Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed.

19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:

a. when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene.
b. some genes are dominant to others.
c. a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype.
d. all of the above

20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:

a. it is a dominant allele.
b. new mutations causing this disease are common in that population.
c. it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals.
d. the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means.

21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.

a. natural selection.
b. adaptation to similar environments
c. convergent evolution
d. All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank.

22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?

a. XY
b. XX
c. Y

23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:

a. help to package the DNA within the nucleus.
b. are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA.
c. may be replicating or transcribing the DNA.
d. All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes.

24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):

a. codon.
b. gene.
c. polypeptide.
d. anticodon.

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