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3. Type II diabetes mellitus is managed by inhibitors of enzymesthat digest that digest carbohydrates in the intestines.

a)Give a description of type II diabetes mellitus (5)

b) Suggest a mechanism for the drugs. (5)

c) How does type II diabetes mellitus differ from type Idiabetes mellitus? (5)

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Elin Hessel
Elin HesselLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Please answer and explain, thank you.

1) How do proteins become dephosphorylated?

2) The water and solute fraction of blood that enters the renal tubule is called the filtrate. Filtrate is constantly entering the renal tubule. In a person without diabetes, all of the glucose in the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood by the renal tubule cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. Diabetes mellitus is a set of diseases that cause and increase in the glucose concentration in blood. Explain on a molecular level, why glucose is found in the urine of a person with uncontrolled (untreated) diabetes mellitus.

3) Cardiac muscle cells must rapidly remove calcium ions from their cytosol in between each heartbeat. These cells possess a variety of transport proteins including NKA, PMCA (plasma membrane calcium ATPase, a Ca2+ pump), and NCX (Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, which is an antiporter). Explain how each of these proteins contributes to the removal of calcium ions from the cytosol

1. Drugs known as potasssium -sparing diuretics work by blocking the effects of aldosterone on the kdney. What effect would these drugs have on the amount of urine produced, on the blood pressure, and on potassium ion concentration in the blood? Could these drugs have a negative on the acid-base balance of the body? Explain.

2. The disease diabetes mellitus, type I, is characterized by destruction of the cells that produce insulin in the pancreatic islets. Predict the symptoms and effects of this disease.

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Personal Information

Name: Mrs. Paula Johnson

Age: 65 years old

Gender: Female

Description

Mrs. Paula Johnson is a 65-year-old white woman with a previous history of a sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus type II. She is a heavy smoker since she was 20 years old. She was brought to the emergency room because her family found her unresponsive on the floor. She was diaphoretic. Her family thought she had her diabetes decompensated. Mrs. Johnson’s daughter indicated her mother was complaining of nausea and epigastric pain the day before. Also, her blood pressure was high.

On the physical examination we found:

Remarkable Signs on Physical Exam by Regions

Chest: Palpitation

Remarkable Signs on Physical Exam by Systems

Integumentary system: Profuse diaphoresis, coldness, and pallor

Respiratory system: Tachypnea

Cardiovascular system: Weak pulse, tachycardia, and hypotension

Nervous system: Unconsciousness. No other neurologic signs.

Lab Tests

Complete blood count (CBC)

Cardiac enzymes

Glucose level

Lipid panel

EKG

Cardiac catheterization

Diagnosis

Silent myocardial infarction

Other Diagnoses

Essential hypertension

Dyslipidemia

Diabetes mellitus

Supporting Material

Mrs. Johnson has been diagnosed with silent myocardial infarction. As we learned last module, the first step in pathophysiology is observation of noticeable changes, but what do we do when the patient does not outwardly experience symptoms? Chest pain is a scary symptom that usually alerts the physician and patient. However, if the patient or the physician is not alerted, the medical practitioner has to dig deeper to understand the cause or set of causes that contribute to the condition.

What are your initial reactions related to the case?

What is a heart attack?

Considering Mrs. Johnson’s case, why does she have an increased risk of having a heart attack?

What is tissue perfusion? Which of the patient’s conditions can alter tissue perfusion? How?

What is hypertension? How does hypertension alter tissue perfusion?

Describe pneumonia. What risk factors does the patient have for pneumonia?

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