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Specific antibodies to a single protein are powerful tools in cell biology because

A. they can be used in differential centrifugations

B. they can be used as specific probes to localize proteins in cells, because they bind to their corresponding antigen with specificity and high affinity.

C. they function to stop infectious diseases.

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

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Elin Hessel
Elin HesselLv2
28 Sep 2019
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What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

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The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

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In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

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An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

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When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

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Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

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The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

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Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

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Human papilloma virus (HPV)

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Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

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Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

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HIV has which of the following characteristics?

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1)Mechanims by which antibiotics kill or inhibit microbialgrowth are: a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis b) Injury of cellmembrane c) Inhibition of protein synthesis d) Inhibition of DNA orRNA synthesis e) All of the above

2)The semisynthetic methicillin has the advantage of: a) Beingbroad spectrum b) Being inactivated by penicillanse only onprolonged usage c) Not being affected by penicillinase d) All ofthe above e) None of the above

3)Which of the following interfere with cell wall synthesis? a)Chloramphenicol b) Tetracyclines c) Penicillin d) Bacitracin e)Only C and D above

4)A rare but serious complication of chloramphenicol treatmentis: a) Kidney damage b) deafness due to damage of eight cranialnerve c) Anemia due to suppression of bone marrow cells d0 Anemiadue to destruction of circulationg red blood cells e) None of theabove

5)The development of drug resistance in a microorganism may bedue to: a) Abilty of the organism to destroy the abtibioticb)mutation that allows the organism to by-pass the sensitive stepc)Sporulation d)All of the above e) Only A and B above

6)The synthesis of vitamins B and K by enteric bacteria providesan example: a) Commensalism b) Symbiosis c) Opportunism d)Infection e) synegestic effect

7)The normal habotat of Staphylococcus aureus may be: a) Urinarytract b) stomach c) Healthy tissues d) nose, throat, and skin e)Scalp

8)Clostridium perfringens may be found as a part of the normalflora in: a) Mouth b) Intestines c) Lungs d) Urinary tract e)Wounds

9)A disease constantly present in a locality is said to be: a)Endemic b) Epidemic c) Pandemic d) Sporadic e) Reservoir

10)Foreign substances that induce a specific immune responseafter gaining entrance to the body are termed: a) Antigens b)Antibodies c) Cytolysins d) Complement e) None o the above

11)Essential prperties of an antigen are: a) It must be foreignto the host b) It must be degradable by the host c) It must be alarge molecule and possess at least two different determinantgroups d) It must posses a three-dimentional or tertiary structuree) All of the above

12)Based on antigenic differences inH chains, antibodies havebeen divided into the following classes: a) IgG and Iga b) IgM andIgD c0 Ige d) all of the above e)None of the above

13)quantitatively the largest class of immunoglobulins in humanserum is: a) IgG b) IgA c) IgM d) IgD e)IgE

14)Which of the following statements are applicable to IgMimmunoglobulins: a) They are the antibodies first to be detectedafter injection of an antigen b) In the presence of complement,they are highly lethal to gram-negative bacteria c) They play animportantnprotective role during the early stags of infection d)All of the above e) None of the above

15)Antibodies are chiefly produced by: a) Lymphocytes b)Eosinophilis c) Erythrocutes d) Polymorphonuclear neutrophils e)None of the above

16)Today antiserum is mainly used for: a) Temporary preventionof certain viral infections b) Neutralization of certain potentbacterial toxins c) Treatment of hepatitis patients d) Only A and Babove e) None of the above

17)antiserum may be described as: a) Blood serum that containsantibodies b) Blood serum that contains antigens c) Blood serumthat contain an antibiotic d) Bovine blood serum prior to injectionof an antigen e) None of the above

18)The sources of antiserum are: a) Chemical synthesis in thelaboratory b) Blood from animal that has developed antibodies to aspecific antigen c) Gamma globulin separatd from pooled human bloodd) All of the above e) Only B and C above

19)The major advantage of antiserum is: a) It is quickly andeasily produced b)It provides circulationg antibodies immediatelyc) It can be administered orally d) All of the above e) none of theabove

20) A viral vaccine for the common cold probably would not bebeneficial because: a) A pure culture cannot be frown in tissuecultures b) A multiplicity of viral agents is responsible for thecoomon cold c) Immunity is of brief duration d) All of the above e)None of the above

Topic A

1. Indicate to which branch(es) of theimmune system the following statements apply.

Explain your answer.

a) Involves macrophages

b) Responds to viral infection

c) Involves T cells

d) Responds to bacterial toxins

e) Most likely responds following an organ transplant

f) Involves cytotoxic T cells

g) Involves B cells

h) Involves complement

i) Responds to extracellular bacterial infection

j) Involves secreted antibody

k) Kills virus infected self cells

I) Involves the thymus

m) Involves the bone marrow

2. You are given two solutions, one containing protein A and theother the antibody to this protein both at about 5mg/ml. When youadd 1 ml of anti-A to 1 ml of protein A, a precipitate forms.However, when you dilute the antibody solution 20 fold and then mix1 ml of the diluted anti-A with 1 ml protein A, no precipitateforms.

Explain why no precipitate formed with the diluted antibody.

3. An energetic immunology student has isolated protein X.

The student believes it is a new isotype of humanimmunoglobulin.

a)What structural features would protein X have to have in orderto be classified as an immunoglobulin?

b) You prepare rabbit antibodies to (i) whole human IgG, (ii) tohuman รƒยŽร‚ยป chain and (iii) to human รƒยŽร‚ยณ chain.

Assuming protein X is in fact a new immunoglobulin isotype,which of these antibodies will bind to protein X? Explain why?

TOPIC B

4. a) Describe the time course of a typical antibody response totetanus toxoid

b) Outline a vaccination schedule that makes effective use ofthis information.

5. a) Tetanus immunoglobulin from the horse can be used toprotect an individual against tetanus. How is the treatmentadministered and what are the advantages/disadvantages of this formof immunisation? 2

b) Is it possible to confer cell mediated immunity on anunsensitised recipient by transferring cells?

c) Would this be a practical method of immunisation, and whatproblems may be encountered in this type of experiment?

6. If you inject a rabbit with a large protein antigen X andsubsequently harvest the antiserum from the animal, would youexpect the antibodies to X in the antiserum to be monoclonal orpolyclonal?

TOPIC C

7. a) Why, if the immune system is so efficient, do we continueto suffer from infectious diseases?

b) Speculate on the consequences if the immune system were tolose its ability to distinguish self-antigens from foreignones.

c) If a child is born without a thymus gland, what will be thenature of the child's illness

d) If a child were born with a defect in the complement system,say a deficiency in function C3, what would be theconsequences?

8 Considering only combinational joining of gene segments andassociation of light and heavy chains, how many different antibodymolecules potentially could be generated from germ line DNAcontaining 500VL and 4JL gene segments and 200VH. 10DH and 4JH genesegments?

9 During an immune response to antigen, the antibodies producedduring a secondary and subsequent responses have a greater affinityfor antigen than those produced during a primary response toantigen

Explain what is meant by "affinity"

Explain in principle the mechanism which explains the aboveobservation re increasing antibody affinity for antigen insecondary and subsequent responses

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