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Freud believed that the ego operates on the

A. unconscious.

B. reality principle.

C. pleasure principle.

D. conscious.

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Beverley Smith
Beverley SmithLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Homework 5: Sigmund Freud

Freud’s general theory of personality is called ___________________ theory. While working with patients experiencing conversion disorders, Freud became convinced that all such cases were caused by unexpressed sexual motives.

Freud viewed the mind as being composed of the three parts. The ___________________ functions entirely at the unconscious level and operates according to the ___________________ principle, which attempts to satisfy its needs by using wish-fulfilling mental images. A second part of the mind is called the ___________________, which can be thought of as the executive of personality and helps us to deal with the world through the reality principle. The only part of the mind containing a sense of morality is the ___________________, which is created mainly by parents. Parental punishment creates the moral inhibitions called conscience, whereas parental rewards establish a standard of conduct called the ego ideal.

Freud believed that our personalities are formed as we pass through a series of developmental stages from infancy to adulthood. Stressful events experienced during a stage can leave the personality ___________________ at that stage. According to Freud, the developmental stages result from a shifting energy from one ___________________ zone to another. Since these stages represent the release of sexual energy, they are called ___________________ stages. The first stage, lasting from birth to one year of age, is called the ___________________ stage. If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage, he or she may engage in overeating and drinking.

The second stage of development, from one to three years, is called the ___________________ stage. Fixations at this stage may lead to a personality that is either stingy and compulsive, called ___________________ ___________________, or cruel and disorderly, called ___________________ ___________________.

From ages three to six, children are in the ___________________ stage, in which the genitals become the primary source of pleasure. During this stage, boys develop a sexual attraction to their mothers, referred to as the ___________________ ___________________. Boys also develop a fear of their fathers, called ___________________ ___________________. Girls develop desires for their fathers called the ___________________ ___________________. According to Freud, failure to resolve the phallic stage results in a phallic personality, characterized by egocentric selfishness, impulsiveness, and a lack of genuine feeling for others.

From ages 6 to 11, children enter the ___________________ stage, during which sexual interest is relatively inactive. From age 11 through adulthood, the individual is in the ___________________ stage, in which sexual and romantic interests are directed towards one’s peers. Most modern revisions of psychoanalysis agree that Freud overemphasized ___________________ motivation, underemphasized positive aspects of personality and the importance of relationships, and was prejudiced against women.

Word Bank

Id

Phallic

Oedipus Complex

Erogenous

Anal Retentive

Psychoanalytic

Anal Expulsive

Sexual

Psychosexual

Genital

Latency

Oral

Electra Complex

Superego

Unconscious

Ego

Fixated

Defense mechanisms

Castration anxiety

Penis envy

Sublimination

Anal

Pleasure

Repression

QUESTION 26

Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:

a.

This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing
b.

At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old
c.

This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted
d.

This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly

1 points

QUESTION 27

The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:

Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations.

Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance

The most dependent generation may well be young adults

It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals

1 points

QUESTION 28

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?

a.

Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice
b.

A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles
c.

Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging
d.

The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors

1 points

QUESTION 29

Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:

a.

The aged
b.

Aging
c.

Age
d.

The meaning of life

1 points

QUESTION 30

Early theories of aging, described later life as a:

a.

Problem
b.

normal, welcomed stage of life
c.

rare and unique process
d.

Too idiosyncratic for generalized description

1 points

QUESTION 31

Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:

a.

Sociocultural theories
b.

Selective optimization with compensation
c.

Model of Human Occupation
d.

Stochastic theories

1 points

QUESTION 32

Psychological theories of aging seek to explain

a.

Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life
b.

Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic
c.

Relationships among older and younger individuals
d.

The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life

1 points

QUESTION 33

It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:

a.

Too optimistic
b.

Lacking in clarity
c.

Too pessimistic
d.

Too limited

1 points

QUESTION 34

In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:

a.

People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses
b.

People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging
c.

Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving
d.

Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life

1 points

QUESTION 35

Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:

a.

The Model of Human Occupation
b.

Evolutionary Theory
c.

Cognition and Aging theories
d.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

1 points

QUESTION 36

A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:

a.

Theory of Free Radicals
b.

Systems theory of motor control
c.

Stochastic theories
d.

1 points

QUESTION 37

Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:

a.

Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences
b.

Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention
c.

Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults
d.

Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used

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