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raspberryfrog916Lv1

29 Sep 2019

Estrogen-dependeant breast cancer therapies (such as raloxifene)are focused on preventing activation of the estrogen responseelement (ERE).

1-Explain how estrodiol (E2) activates the ERE and why thispromotes tumor growth.

2-Identify three different proteins currently targeted by breastcancer drugs, and explain how the protein-drug interaction blocksERE activation in each case.

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Deanna HettingerLv2

29 Sep 2019

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61) How areantiangiogenic drugs used in the treatment of

cancer?

A) These drugsstop the replication of DNA so cancer cells

cannot reproduce.

B) These drugsstop the growth of blood vessels into the

tumor, so the cells "starve" to death.

C) These drugsstop metastasis.

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62) Which of the

following is true regarding photodynamic therapy?

A) It involves the use

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B) It uses magnets to

attract beads coated with a chemotherapeutic drug to acancer.

C) It is presently used

for the treatment of cancers of the breast and ovary.

D) It inhibits

angiogenesis.

E) It involves the use

of antibodies to deliver treatments to a cancer.

63) Which ofthe following types of cancer kills the highest

percentage of people diagnosed with the condition?

A)lung

B)breast

C)prostate

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E)colon

64) A mutationin which of the following genes can lead to

breast cancer?

A) BT05

B) HeLa

C) BRCA1

D)BCG

E)BCG2

65) If angiogenesis

were not to occur, a tumor would reach the size of a ________and stop growing.

A) period on a

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D) pea

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the risk of which of the following types of cancer?

A)stomach

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mutated BRCA gene, the risk of breast cancer is about 60%.However, detection

of the mutated gene can occur before cancer ever develops by

A) testing of a blood

sample.

B) screening

mammography.

C) taking a biopsy of

breast tissue.

D) a PET scan.

E) urinalysis.

68) In some cases, why

doesn%u2019t the immune system recognize and destroy acancer?

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produce abnormal antigens sometimes shed them.

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less surface receptors needed for proper activation of Tcells.

C) Cancer cells have

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from normal cells that cannot regulate cell division.

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correct.

69) Theultimate goal of the male reproductive system is to

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coinciding with ovulation.

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fertilization.

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emeraldjellyfish291

The Myc gene is a very important proto-oncogene that encodes the Myc transcription factor. The Myc gene is normally only expressed in response to the presence of growth factors, and once expressed the Myc protein promotes passage through the restriction point by activating the transcription of early cell cycle genes. As an indication of the importance of Myc, overexpression of the Myc protein is sufficient to cause tumorigenesis in many cell types. For example, Burkittâs lymphoma is the result of a chromosomal translocation that leads to increased myc expression in B-lymphocytes.

(A) (3 pts) What is the restriction point, and which CDK complex is most directly activated by passage through the restriction point?

(B) (10 pts) Describe how activation of the CDK complex from part (A) leads to entry of cells into S-phase. Your answer must indicate the protein(s) that this CDK directly acts on, the proteins that directly stimulate S-phase entry, and the mechanism that prevents premature entry into S-phase.

(C) (8 pts) Indicate whether each protein you mention in part (B) is a proto-oncoprotein (e.g. a protein encoded by a proto-oncogene) or a tumor suppressor. You can incorporate this into your answer to part (B) if you choose.

(D) (4 pts) Why does the overexpression of Myc lead to cancer, for example Burkittâs lymphoma?

The Case of the Aging Surfer

Seth, a thirty-eight year-old white male of Scandinavian descent, has lived his entire life in Southern Florida. He is very concerned with maintaining a "healthy" appearance. Seth is very athletic and especially enjoys surfing. He has been surfing since the age of twelve and he started making surfboards while he was in high school. After obtaining a college degree in marketing Seth decided to start his own business making surfboards and giving surfing lessons for a local resort near his home. During a routine physical examination the physician assistant that Seth sees commented on the presence and appearance of a small growth (approximately 2-cm in diameter) above Seth's right eyebrow. This growth was shiny with a pearly border, a central ulcer and engorged surface blood vessels. The physician assistant was concerned that this might be a tumor and asked Seth a number of questions to aid in the diagnosis. Seth reported that he noticed this growth approximately six months ago but thought nothing about it since he often developed "pimples" when he was working on surfboards because of the heat and dust. Seth noticed that the growth would occasionally bleed, but he thought the bleeding most often occurred when he absently scratched above his eyebrows when he was working. Seth also reported that after bleeding the growth would "crust over" and appear to heal, but not disappear. Seth also thinks the lesion has increased in size, but he can't be certain.

The physician assistant asks Seth to come back in two days to visit with the attending physician and encourages Seth to be sure to use sunscreen whenever possible, especially when he is surfing or teaching surfing classes. Upon returning to see the physician, Seth is told that he probably has a basal cell carcinoma. This, the physician explains, is a cancer that while not benign, rarely metastasizes and grows very slowly. This type of cancer usually occurs in areas that have the greatest exposure to the sun (i.e. the face, head, and neck). While this cancer would probably not metastasize, the physician suggests surgical removal to minimize damage to any underlying tissues and a histological examination of the excised tissue to confirm the diagnosis.

Seth is concerned that if this is indeed cancer he will have to undergo radiation and/or chemotherapy and suffer from both hair loss and nausea like his mother did when she was being treated for breast cancer 10 years ago. The physician assures Seth that these treatments are not required for basal cell carcinoma and explains that this cancer usually remains localized to the specific area of the skin and does not usually spread to other tissues, so radiation and chemotherapy would not be necessary. Seth then asks why it is necessary to remove the tumor if it will not spread and is told that while the tumor does not spread to other body areas it will continue to grow and also invade deeper layers of the skin, such as the dermis, and destroy normal tissues. Seth agrees to the procedure and schedules a follow-up appointment to discuss the results of the biopsy the following week. At the follow-up appointment, Seth is told that the lesion was indeed a basal cell carcinoma. He is told that it will be important for him to try to use both sunscreens, specifically those containing para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA, and protective clothing as much as possible to minimize the effects of the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sunlight. Seth is also told that while he should not be overly concerned, he should also pay close attention for similar lesions in the future, since a person with a single basal cell carcinoma is likely to develop additional basal cell carcinomas in the future.

http://emedicine.com/derm/topic47.htm

http://www.skincancer.org

The Case of the Aging Surfer:

Define the bold terms in the text.

How are benign and malignant tumors similar and different from each other?

Identify and briefly describe the three most common types of skin cancer and the risk to individuals who have developed each of them.

What are oncogenes and how are they believed to be related to cancer?.

Identify both the primary risk factors that Seth presents with and other risk factors that may or may not relate to Seth's case.

The procedure that Seth experiences is called the Mohs Surgery. What does it involve?

How do chemotherapy and radiation therapy act as treatments for cancer?

8) Explain why tanning booths are actually more dangerous than sunlight exposure in increasing the risk of developing some form of skin cancer.

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