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17 Dec 2018

6. What are functions and features of T lymphocytes?


7. What are the different types of T lymphocytes?


8. What are cytokines?


9. How is antigen presented by a cell?

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19 Dec 2018

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Autoimmunity may be triggered by which one of the following?

A.

Impaired T-cell function
B.

Non-sensitized B lymphocytes
C.

Close resemblance between the foreign and self antigen.
D.

Elimination of all self-reactive lymphocytes

Hybridomas are the useful result of a fusion between _______________ and _________________ to obtain hybrid cells that can proliferate and produce _________________ against specific ________________.
myeloma cells; B lymphocytes; monoclonal antibodies; epitopes
myeloma cells; T lymphocytes; polyclonal antibodies; antigen
T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes; monoclonal antibodies; antigen

T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes; polyclonal antibodies; epitopes
With respect to mammalian cell culture, which of the following statements is true?
Media used for cell growth contain proteases and a divalent cation chelator to help cells adhere to the surface.
During the establishment of a cell line, senescence is the last stage of the cell's life.
Rodent cells cultures undergo spontaneous transformation with similar frequency to human cell cultures.
Embryonic cell lines do not undergo senescence nor do they have a finite life span.
Epithelial cells have distinct surfaces. Which of these surfaces tends to be involved in secreting proteins out of the cell and into the bloodstream?
apical
basal
All of the answers are correct.
lateral
Which of the following is NOT true of phospholipid bilayers?
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The interior of phospholipid bilayers is a highly hydrophobic environment.
Membrane budding requires transient breakages in the bilayer membrane.
The chemical properties of phospholipids lead to the spontaneous formation of bilayers.
Which of the following is true regarding membrane proteins?
All peripheral membrane proteins contact the lipid bilayer by covalent attachment to the hydrophilic head groups on membrane lipids.
Beta strands can assemble into a membrane-spanning barrel structure.
Lipid-anchored membrane proteins always face the cell exterior.
A protein with six hydrophobic helices is most likely a lipid-anchored membrane protein.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
The three types of lipid anchors responsible for tethering proteins to the bilayer are acylation, prenylation, and ubiquitinylation.
Movement of lipids from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet of the membrane bilayer requires specialized transport proteins called flippases.
Glycoproteins are the basis for blood type compatibility between donor and receiver.
Glycoproteins are always oriented so that the carbohydrate moieties are exoplasmic.

Which of the following statements about induction or maintenance of T cell tolerance is NOT true?

a.

Peripheral T cell tolerance to an antigen may be induced by persistent and repeated stimulation of lymphocytes by that antigen in tissues.
b.

Peripheral T cell tolerance results when T cells recognize antigen in the setting of an innate immune response to the antigen.
c.

Peripheral T cell tolerance to some antigens is induced when mature T cells recognize antigen and bind B7-1 or B7-2 via the inhibitory CTLA-4 receptor.
d.

Peripheral T cell tolerance results when mature naive T cells recognize antigens without adequate B7-1– or B7-2–mediated costimulation.
e.

Central tolerance is induced when immature developing T cells in bone marrow or thymus encounter self-antigens.

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