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5 Feb 2019

Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language?

a. Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isnât the sole basis of thought.
b. Language is the sole basis of thought.
c. When we think, we always make use of language.
d. Language usually is not required in thought processes.

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Trinidad TremblayLv2

6 Feb 2019

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Andrea Smith was taking notes for her biology exam. Her professor has told her that the exam would cover, in part, the di erences between sexual and asexual reproduction. As she reviewed her notes and prepared for todayâs class, she was thinking about her own reproductive dilemma. If only asexual reproduction were the case for humans, maybe she wouldnât be in this mess. Or at least there wouldnât be questions about who was the father of her twins. âDwelling on it isnât going to help me prepare for class, and right now I have got to nish this chapter on animal reproduction,â she thought. She tried to concentrate and forget about her current dilemma as she feverishly typed on her notepad:

Asexual or sexual reproduction: 3 types of asexual reproduction: (1) ssion: separation of a parent organism into two or more individuals of equal size, (2) budding: growth of new individuals from outgrowths of existing organisms, and (3) fragmentation accompanied by regeneration: the breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into new complete individuals through the regrowth of lost body parts. NOTE: Be able to explain the di erences between sexual and asexual reproduction!

She suddenly let out a long sigh. âItâll be ne,â she thought. âI just hope that none of my family or friends watches the show. What was I thinking when I agreed to this? But thatâs what Xavier wanted, and I will do whatever it takes to prove he is the father. Besides I am going to need the money if I have to take care of these babies on my own!â

e next day in class she was feeling even more nervous and was becoming increasingly angry as she thought about her current situation. Her thoughts were interrupted by the sound of her professorâs voice:

âOK, class,â her teacher was saying, âthat wraps up asexual reproduction. Letâs move on to reproductive cycles
and patterns. Most animals exhibit cycles in their reproductive activity. Reproductive cycles are often controlled
by hormonal and environmental cues. Animals may reproduce either exclusively asexually or sexually while other animals alternate between the two methods. For example, some animals can lay eggs of two types, depending on
the environment and/or season. One egg type matures only if it is fertilized while the other type does not require fertilization for development, a process called parthenogenesis. Some animals, and in rare cases humans, have both male and female reproductive systems. Some hermaphrodites can fertilize themselves, but most must mate with a member of the same species. Please look over these handouts and answer the questions that follow.â

As the other students read through the assignment, Andrea was thinking: âIâm dealing with a case of sexual reproduction that no doubt started with the fertilization of my egg with, hopefully, Xavierâs sperm. at reminds me, I need to make sure I go over internal and external fertilization again in my notes. Iâm not sure I completely understand it.â

All this started the night Xavier had come came over to talk to Andrea about their break-up. He had smelled and looked so good that evening. e events of that night had left Andrea wondering if there was really some truth to that stu about pheromones, which Andrea has learned in her class were chemical signals released by one organism that in uence the behavior of another individual of the same species. Even though Andrea had met someone else and had

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman Page 1

been seeing Neo for a while, she hadnât been able to resist Xavier. Neither she nor Xavier had behaved like themselves that night. It was unlike them not to use some barrier method of contraception. As the class wrapped up, Andreaâs mind was still on her upcoming appearance on a daytime talk show. In some ways she was dreading it; but she was determined to prove what she believed she had known all along: at Xavier was the father of her twins.

Questions

1. What is the di erence between asexual and sexual reproduction?
2. List and de ne some types of asexual reproduction. Give one example of each. 3. What is the di erence between parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism?
4. What is the di erence between internal and external fertilization?
5. What is the function of pheromones?

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman

Page 2

Part II â The Pregnancy

âI canât believe it has come to this! Airing our dirty laundry on national television. I never thought Xavier would let things get so out of hand.â

It was late and Andrea was so upset she couldnât sleep. She tried studying for the upcoming exam, but she couldnât concentrate. She decided to get an early start on packing. She was so angry with Xavier. How could he have left her pregnant and alone, she thought, as she neatly added her new dress to the bag? How could he think that their babies might belong to someone else? She grabbed her journal, about to add it to the bag, but instead sat in her cozy corner chair and began to read:

January 12, 2007

Iâm pregnant with twins! Sometimes itâs still hard to believe because it was so unexpected. I feel like I am about to pop! I know that Xavier is the father of my babies and I canât wait for us to be a family. But he has doubts about it all because he knows that I met someone else during the brief time that we split up. And he wants to be sure that he is the father before we can move on. But what if it is Neo, the new guy I met? ereâs a slight chance but I doubt it. I know the exact time of conception. It was the night Xavier came over to talk about our relationship. It was a little over a week after that night that the pregnancy test detected the increase in HCG. I guess I just missed him so much.

I do regret that Xavier hasnât been around much during the pregnancy. He has missed the development of our babies. In the past months, I have heard the babiesâ heartbeats and felt them moving around. I wish he would come back because itâs obvious that I am pregnant now. Hopefully we can talk through our di erences and get back together before the pregnancy gets di cultâthe frequent urination and back pain my OB/GYN keeps warning me about. I know there is no way he will ever let me go through labor alone. I only pray the contractions are not more than I can bear. Xavier seems committed to the idea of a paternity test. Hopefully it wonât come to that, but if it does, weâre going to a daytime show to gure all this out.â

âWow! at seems like a lifetime ago,â she thought. âNow we have these beautiful twins and we donât seem any closer to becoming the real family I dreamed about. Well this will all be over in a couple of days. I am 110% con dent that the twins belong to Xavier, not Neo. I canât wait to see the look on Xavierâs face and hear him apologize once he sees the results of the paternity test!â

Questions

1. What does Andrea mean by time of conception?
2. How is HCG used to determine pregnancy?
3. List some changes that occur with the fetus/mother during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters. 4. What hormones are responsible for inducing and regulating labor?
5. What trimester is Andrea in during this journal entry?

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman

Page 3

Part III â The Results

Andrea replayed the words over and over again in her mind: âXavier, you ARE the father!â She was ecstatic. Finally, she could breathe, knowing that Xavier was the father of her babies. en she heard what the host had to say next...

âNeo...YOU ARE the father!â
Andrea looked around in disbelief. She heard herself saying, âWhat do you mean? You just said Xavier was the father!

If Xavier is the father, how can he be the father?â she asked as she pointed toward Neo.

âWell, this is a rst, even for our show. But it appears that your twins were fathered by both of these men.â

âI canât believe it. e rst time I do something like this and I end up with twins and two fathers! Not only did I expose myself to potentially deadly STDs, but now I have two children, whom I have no doubt that I will be raising alone, and I have put my school career in jeopardy,â Andrea thought.

She still couldnât believe this was really happening to her. How was it possible that her TWINS have di erent fathers? What were the events that must have happened within her body that could lead to these circumstances? She grabbed her

journal from her bag and ipped back to the entry describing her feelings the day she found out she was having twins:

August 23, 2006

I just came back from another Drâs appointment. Dr. Blossom informed me that I am having two babiesâ twinsâfraternal. I donât know if they are boys or girls yet. One could be a boy and the other a girl. I still canât believe this has happened. Xavier has to be the father. He has to be! I will have to just play the hand I have dealt myself. How stupid was I? I was going to practice abstinence after Xavier and I broke up...and I certainly wasnât planning on meeting and getting involved with Neo! I canât believe that Neo and I didnât use a condom either. And itâs no excuse that we had been drinking. I just got caught up in the moment with Xavierâgoing down memory lane and things got all sentimental. I could have at least thought to use the rhythm method and kept track of when ovulation may occur. is has to be the most irresponsible thing I have ever done! Why did I stop taking my birth control pills anyway? And I have no idea where I put that diaphragm. Undoubtedly, some people will judge me as the type of woman who should have a tubal ligation that would permanently prevent any pregnancy.

Everything hit her at that very second. She closed her journal and just sat there for a moment. Andrea was reminded that she had stopped taking the pill the month before she became pregnant. She remembered that physicians recommend that a woman wait at least one cycle after she stops taking the pill before becoming pregnant because there is a chance that multiple ovulations may occur. Did it have something to with oogenesis? Andrea was so confused she just couldnât keep things straight in her mind. She thought about it for a minute to let it all sink in.

Andrea sat back and thought about the lecture on animal reproduction the week before. She pulled out her lecture notes on the menstrual cycle, the basic foundation of everything that she was going through.

Questions

1. Describe the two types of cycles that occur in female mammals (menstrual vs. estrous).

2. Compare and contrast the sterilization techniques (vasectomy and tubal ligation) and the temporary and reversible methods discussed in the case.

3. What are the functions of GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone?

4. How can the paternity results be explained? Your answer should consider the amount of time before and after ovulation a woman is at risk for pregnancy and how long sperm can survive in the reproductive tract. Your discussion may include the following terms: ova, oogenesis, and fertilization, etc.

â¢

Image in title block dervied from licensed image Â© CLIPAREA.comâFotolia.com, ID #21458691. Case copyright held by the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science, University at Bu alo, State University of New York. Originally published December 8, 2011. Please see our usage guidelines, which outline our policy concerning permissible reproduction of this work.

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman Page 4

Andreaâs Lecture Notes: The Female Reproductive Cycle

(I) e female reproductive cycle involves both the uterus and the ovaries:

Menstrual cycle = uterine cycle
â¢ Refers to the speci c changes that occur in the uterus

Ovarian cycle
â¢ Cyclic events in the ovaries that regulate the menstrual/uterine cycle

(II) Hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secretefollicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) into the blood. FSH and LH regulate the ovarian cycle.

~OVARIAN CYCLE:

Folicular Phase

FSH and LH stimulate a follicle to grow

e growing follicle releases estrogen

Ovulation

â¢ An LH surge triggers ovulation

Luteal Phase

LH stimulates ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum

Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone, which inhibits LH and FSH secretion from the pituitary

Corpus luteum disintegrates

Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, releasing the inhibitory e ect on the hypothalamus and the

pituitary

FSH and LH are released and a new cycle begins

(III) Ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the uterine (menstrual) cycle ~UTERINE CYCLE:

Proliferative Phase

â¢ increasing estrogen levels causes the uterine lining (endometrium) to thicken: prepares the uterus for

implantation of the blastocyst

Secretory Phase
â¢ increased levels of estrogen and progesterone following ovulation maintains the endometrium by increasing

blood supply and growth of endometrial glands that secretes nutrients

Menstrual Flow Phase
â¢ decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the uterine arteries to spasm, depriving the endometrium

of blood: endometrium disintegrates, resulting in menstruation

Based on the information in the case study, Animal Reproduction, please answer the following questions.

Andrea is pregnant and is trying to calculate the time of conception.What is time of conception and how is it determined?

What are the functions of GnRH, FSH LH, estrogen and progesterone in pregnancy?

Andrea is having twins but the babies have two different fathers.Explain the difference between fraternal and identical twins.Which are these?How could the babies have different fathers?

Physiology Psychology

1. The mind-body problem is a fundamental philosophical issue at the base of all cognitive/behavioral neuroscience research. Why? Discuss the mind-body problem and give an example of how it relates to an issue in cognitive/behavioral neuroscience. Explain.

2. Explain how an action potential occurs. Start with Glutamate release from the presynaptic neuron and end with neurotransmitter release from the postsynaptic neuron.

3. How does a neuron inhibit another neuron? Explain. {~1 paragraph}

4. Design a drug that would increase Dopamine (DA) and/or Norepinephrine (NE) levels and explain its mechanism of action (explain how it works to increase DA and/or NE). What kind of disorder could this drug be used to treat? What would be some side-effects you might expect from taking such a drug? Would there be any risks expected from long-term treatment? Explain.

5. Alzheimerâs dementia is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in severe cognitive impairment. Researchers hypothesize that Alzheimerâs is due to low Acetylcholine activity in the cerebral cortex. How could a researcher test this hypothesis? Justify your answer.

6. What is neural plasticity? Give an example and explain. [3-4 sentences]

7. Dr. Butthurt, a prominent pain researcher, has recently discovered that a Chinese form of meditation called Tai Chi can be a very effective pain-relief method. In Dr. Butthurtâs studies, he found that people in pain experience profound pain relief after participating in just 30 minutes of Tai Chi meditation. Now, Dr. Butthurt wants to determine the neural mechanism by which Tai Chi works to relieve pain. The first hypothesis he wants to test is that Tai Chi works because it stimulates endorphin activity in the brain. How can Dr. Butt-hurt test this hypothesis? Explain. [~1 paragraph]

8. A dominant view in neuroscience is that the human brain is âmodularâ. For example, many have claimed that the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) is a specialized, domain-specific module for recognizing faces. Discuss the issue, giving evidence for and against the claim that the FFA is domain-specific for face-processing. (1-2 paragraphs)

9. The Wernicke-Geschwind model of language was the dogma in neuroscience and psychology for many years. According to the W-G model, Brocaâs Area and Wernickeâs area are the two main language modules in the brain. What does the model argue is the function of Brocaâs area? Explain one piece of evidence to support it. What does the model argue is the function of Wernickeâs area? Explain one piece of evidence to support it. Why has the current theory of language moved away from the W-G Model? Explain.

10. If a person has the genes associated with a particular psychopathological disorder (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, etc), will that person definitely develop the disorder? Why or why not? Explain. Use an example to help you explain. (few sentences to a short paragraph)

11. Why is it the case that there are some very high-pitched ringtones that are typically only audible to people under 18 years old? Why canât (most) adults hear these high-pitched tones? Explain. (few sentences)

12. How does Miraculin act on the nervous system to change our perception of taste? Explain.

13. Discuss the Triune Brain model. Explain what happens to the functioning of the Triune Brain model when an individual is intoxicated by alcohol, and link that to drunk behavior.

14. Some patients develop disorders in which they believe that one of their limbs is not, in fact, their own limb. What could be happening in the nervous system that would lead to this peculiar phenomenon? Justify your answer and explain. (I am looking for you to come up with a reasonable hypothesis as to what could be causing it that you can sensibly justify and explain)

15a. What is schizophrenia? Describe 2 positive and 2 negative symptoms. Explain one way that the brains of schizophrenic patients are different from healthy controls, and link the brain abnormality to one of the symptoms of schizophrenia that you just described. 15b. What is the Dopamine (DA) Hypothesis for schizophrenia? Explain two pieces of evidence to support the DA Hypothesis. Explain one piece of evidence against the DA hypothesis. [~1 short paragraph] 15c. What is the Glutamate Hypothesis for schizophrenia? Explain two pieces of evidence to support the Glutamate hypothesis. Explain one piece of evidence against the Glutamate hypothesis. [~ 1 short paragraph] 15d. Schizophrenia is estimated to be about 80% heritable, but there are other factors that researchers have found to influence the development (or flare) of schizophrenia. Give an example of one of these other factors, and briefly explain the evidence for it. [2-3 sentences]

16. Major depression (unipolar) is a psychiatric disorder affecting over 15% of the U.S. population. Explain two of the dominant hypotheses about the biological factors in depression, discussing the evidence for and against those hypotheses. What is the most effective treatment for long-term relief from depression? Why? Explain. (~2 paragraphs)

17. Explain how the amygdala and brain stem are involved in the development of anxiety disorders such as PTSD, phobias or panic disorder.

18. Explain the basic function of the mesolimbic DA reward pathway. Discuss how drug use alters the pathway and contributes to the development of compulsive disorders like drug addictions/alcoholism.

19. If a stroke patient has damage to their right posterior parietal lobe, along the dorsal stream of visual processing, what syndrome would the patient have? Describe the major symptoms and explain what the personâs behavior would be like. What did we learn about the function of the parietal lobe from studying these patients? Explain.

20. If a stroke patient has damage to their temporal lobe, along the ventral stream of visual processing, what type of disorder would the patient have? Describe the major symptoms and explain what the personâs behavior would be like. What did we learn about the function of the temporal lobe from studying these patients? Explain.

21. What is blindsight? Explain how studying patients with blindsight informed our understanding of the visual system.

22. What are implicit and explicit memories? Do implicit and explicit memories represent independent neural systems for memory? Why or why not? Justify your answer with evidence.

23. What is retrograde amnesia? What did we learn about long-term memory from studying patients with retrograde amnesia (e.g., patient KC)? Explain.

24. What is our current understanding of how the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) stores and retrieves explicit memories? Discuss how the function of the MTL can explain cases of anterograde amnesia like HMâs.

25. Imagine that a doctor developed a drug called Memoryhole that is a Glutamate-NMDA receptor antagonist in the hippocampus. What effect would Memoryhole have on the process of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), and, in turn, memory? Explain.

26. Do we have evidence for a biological basis for sexual preference? Discuss with respect to the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus of the hypothalamus.

27. Helen Fisherâs research delineated 3 stages of love in the brain. Explain, with an emphasis on the brain-behavior relationships.

28. Parkinsonâs disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in severe motor impairments. What causes Parkinsonâs? Explain the major treatment for the disorder and the extent to which the treatment is successful. Are there any negative side-effects of that treatment? Explain.

29. What are mirror neurons? Explain two pieces of evidence for the hypothesis that mirror neurons are the neural substrate for empathy and theory of mind in humans. Do we have evidence linking mirror neurons to autism? Explain.

30. What was the most interesting thing you learned in class this semester? Why did you find it interesting? Explain.

31. What is a circadian rhythm? Explain how light acts as a zeitgeber to control our sleep/wake circadian rhythms. If someone had trouble falling asleep (insomnia), what advice would you give them? Justify your answer.

32. Seasonal Affective Disorder is a type of depression that occurs when depression symptoms consistently flare in the winter season and abate in the summer season. One successful treatment for this type of depression is âlight therapyâ in which the patient sits in front of a sunlight-emitting device for a certain number of hours a week. How could this type of depression and its treatment be explained by what we know about the neural basis of arousal and circadian rhythms?

a. Answer the folllowing questions

When Mendel was examining inheritance of traits in peas, he discovered that the trait âtallâ was dominant to the trait âshortâ. Given what you know about dominant and recessive traits, what do you think is happening at the molecular level to account for the pattern Mendel observed? Why is tall dominant to short? (You should be thinking about loss of function/gain of function as you try to answer this question.)

Recent mutations will tend to be in linkage disequilibrium with alleles located close to them on a chromosome. You discover a mutation that is dominant and harmful. Would you expect it to be in linkage disequilibrium with near-by alleles?

As population size increases, you would also expect which of the following to increase? (There may be more than one correct answer.)

a.Heterozygosity

b.Genetic drift

c.The number of alleles present in the population

d.Inbreeding

Is it possible for a mutation in the first position of a codon not to change the amino acid that the codon codes for?

In general, women have better color vision than males in the: (More than one answer may be correct.)

a.The red portion of the light spectrum

b.The blue portion of the light spectrum

c.The green portion of the light spectrum

Suppose a man had better color vision than a woman (assume both have normal color vision). What portion of the light spectrum would you expect it to be in? (More than one answer could be correct.)

a.Blue

b.Green

c.Yellow

d.Red

Explain why a man is more likely to have âgreenâ color-blindness than a woman. Is a man more likely to have âblueâ color-blindness than a woman?

Is normal color vision dominant to color-blindness? What do you think happens at the molecular level when a mutation causes color-blindness?

What is a SNP? What is an indel? Which would be likely to be worse in a protein coding sequence?

How similar are the chimp and human genomes? What portion of the human genome is thought to be under selection?

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