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The physical examination records of the entire incoming freshman class of 1999 at the University of Findlay were examined in 2007 to see if their recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university was related to the development of high blood pressure by 2017. This is an example of Cross-sectional study Prospective cohort study Case control study Retrospective cohort study Experimental study 0 points Question 3 In a study begun in 1975, a group of 9,000 adults in Atlanta, Georgia were asked about burger consumption. The occurrence of cases of cancer between 1981 and 1995 was studied in this group. This is an example of Cross-sectional study Prospective cohort study Case control study Retrospective cohort study Clinical trial

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uestion 4 Fifteen hundred adult men who worked for Lockheed aircraft were initially examined in 1977 and were classified by diagnostic criteria for COPD. Every 5 years they have been reexamined for new cases of the disease

Cross-sectional study

Prospective cohort study

Case control study

Retrospective cohort study

Clinical trial 0 points

Question 5 Women were randomly selected from the 1989 US census and examined for osteoporosis. They women who already had osteoporosis were removed from the study, while the remaining were randomly assigned to an exercise group or a non-exercise group. They followed both groups and examined them twice a year.

Cross-sectional study

Prospective cohort study

Case control study

Retrospective cohort study

Clinical trial

1. In what type of study design does the subject serve as his own control?

2. Describe in your own words the characteristics of a case-control study.

Example Study Scenario: The health records of the University of Atlanta football team from 1990 were examined in 2010 to see if their recorded height and weight at the time of their football career in 1990 was related to the development of high cholesterol by 2015.

3. What type of study is this?

4. Create an example study scenario similar to the one above that would describe a prospective cohort study.

Example Study Scenario: In a study that began in 1950, a group of 5,000 teens in Kansas were asked about cigarette smoking. The occurrence of cases of lung cancer between 1990 and 2000 was studied in this group.

5. What type of study is this?

6. Create an example study scenario that would describe a cross-sectional study.

7. Explain the concept of a selection bias and give an example of selection bias that could occur in a case-control study.

8. Explain the concept of information bias and give an example of information bias that could occur in a case-control study.

9. What is matching and why is it a concern in case-control studies?

10. Summarize the study design, sampling, and purpose of the Framingham Study.

1. The risk of acquiring disease is measured by the a. Incidence rate b. Incidence rate times the average duration of the disease c. Incidence rate divided by the prevalence rate d. Prevalence rate e. Prevalence rate times the average duration of the disease

2. The strength of an association between a factor and a disease is best measure by a. Incubation rate b. Incidence of the disease in the total population c. Prevalence of the factor d. Attributable risk e. Relative risk

3. Case fatality rate for a given disease refers to a. The crude mortality rate per 100,000 population b. Cause-specific mortality rate due to the disease c. A fatal outcome of any disease d. The percentage of deaths among cases of the disease e. The proportion of deaths due to the disease among all deaths from all causes

4. An investigator is interested in etiology of neonatal jaundice. To study this condition, he selected 100 children who were diagnosed with this condition and 100 children born in the same period and in the same hospital who did not have a diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. He then reviewed the obstetrical and delivery records of their mothers to determine various prenatal and perinatal exposures. This is an example of a(n): a. Cross-sectional study b. Case-control study c. Cohort study d. Clinical trial e. Experiment

5. Which of the following statements describes the major advantages of a randomized clinical trial? a. It avoids observer bias b. It lends itself to ethical justification c. It yields results replicable in other patients d. It rules out self-selection of participants to the different treatment groups d. It enrolls representative patients

6. A survey conducted in England revealed that of 224 families in which there had been a known case of poliomyelitis, 56 maintained parakeets as a family pet. In another British survey, 30 out of 99 poliomyelitis patients questioned kept parakeets. The inference that there is some relationship between the presence of a parakeet in a household and the occurrence of poliomyelitis among household members is a. Correct b. Incorrect because of failure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence c. Incorrect because a proportionate ratio is used when a rate is required to support the inference d. Incorrect because a failure to recognize a possible cohort phenomenon e. Incorrect because there is no control or comparison group.

7. An investigator determines the correlation coefficient between triglyceride levels and degree of atherosclerosis in sampled blood vessels to be +1.67. On the basis of this you would conclude that: a. Triglyceride level is a good predictor of atherosclerosis b. Triglyceride level is not a good predictor of atherosclerosis c. High triglyceride levels cause atherosclerosis d. Atherosclerosis cause high triglyceride levels e. The investigator has incorrectly determined the correlation coefficient

8. A screening test of known sensitivity and specificity is applied to two populations. The prevalence of the disease being screened for is 10% in population A and is 1% in population B. Which of the following is true? a. The percent of all negative tests that have false-negative results is lower in population A than in population B. b. Specificity is lower in population A than in population B. c. Reliability is higher in population A than in population B. d. The percent of all positive tests that have false-positive results is lower in population A than in population B. e. Specificity is higher in population A than in population B.

9. Serum cholesterol levels are obtained for four healthy men. The probability that all will fall below the 10th percentile of the distribution of cholesterol for healthy males is: a. 0.4 b. 1 â (0.1)4 c. (0.1)4 d. (0.9)4 e. Cannot be determined from these data

10. In a diabetes screening program, the screening level for a positive blood sugar level in test 1 is set at 160 mg/dl, and in test 2 at 130 mg/dl. The sensitivity is: a. Greater in test 1 b. Greater in test 2 c. Equal in test 1 and 2 d. Dependent on the size of the population being evaluated

Part II 1.The California Occupational Mortality study data set was employed to assess mortality data for the years 1979-1981. A 2% sample of employed persons from the 1980 census of California was used. It contains the occupation of each person who had died. This study, like any occupation-based study, is restricted to the work life span as far as age of subjects is concerned. This study used ages 16-64 years. Certain persons, because of their source of work, were excluded as subjects: homemakers, retired persons, students, disabled, military personnel, etc. Only main-stream-type employment was used in this study to establish occupations at risk for heavy alcohol drinking. Using the Table below, answer the following:

1.What occupations are most vulnerable to acquiring cirrhosis of the liver from heavy drinking?

2.List several of the occupations identified by the research studies that are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced, cirrhosis related deaths and that have the highest mortality rates.

3. What are possible confounding variables for the research in occupations and heavy drinking that lead to fatal diseases?

4. Based on available research data, develop and construct a web of causation along with the appropriate decision trees for occupational group-related alcohol deaths. Table. Alcohol Related Deaths in California, 1979-1981 Cirrhosis 5.5% Digestive organ cancers 5.7% Injuries 13.7% Suicide and homicide 5.% All other causes 64.9%

Zika and microcephaly Since May 2015, Brazil has experienced a significant outbreak of Zika virus. In recent years, Brazilian officials reported an increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly.

1. Briefly describe what we know and what we do not know about Zika virus.

2. What has been done and what should be done to prevent Zika virus epidemic in US and world-wide?

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