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Had this organism been Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague and an agent on the list of potential agents for biologic warfare, what reactions would have been different?

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Related questions

Biochemistry Question:

1. Chemical agents can be used to denature or unfold proteins. For each of the chemical agents listed below, list the interactions that the agent disrupts AND explain how the chemical agent disrupts the interaction.

Disruptive Chemical Agent

 Interaction(s) Explanation of how the chemical agent is disrupting the interaction.
Urea
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH

Can anyone please help me by explaining how to fully answer this question/table? I would truly appreciate anyone's help with this.

A new class of agents has been developed which alters the conductance of ion channels. Unfortunately, it is not clear what ion channels are being affected or what the effect is on conductance. To investigate this, you examine an isolated vertebrate nerve- skeletal muscle preparation which allows you to stimulate the nerve and examine the resulting muscle contraction. Consider each set of results and reply to the questions.

a) You stimulate the nerve in the presence of Agent X and the muscle contraction is stronger and more prolonged than when the agent is not present. There is no change in the muscle when exposed to Agent X in the absence of nerve stimulation.

i) What channels might be affected and how?

ii) Design experiments which could differentiate between the options you have listed.

b) When you add Agent Y to the fluid bath in which the nerve-muscle preparation is being maintained, the muscle contracts spontaneously without you having to stimulate the nerve. When atropine is applied to the fluid bath, however, the muscle does not react to the presence of Agent Y.

i) What is/are the most likely targets and how are they being altered by Agent Y?

ii) Design a set of experiments to determine the actual target and effect of Agent Y

c) Agent Z also causes spontaneous contraction of the muscle. However, atropine does not block this effect. What is/are the most likely target(s) and effect(s) of Agent Z?

d) Agent Q is known to increase calcium conductances.

i) What results would you expect to see when Agent Q is added to your preparation?

ii) Agent Q turns out to be ionized under normal physiological pH, such as found in your bathing fluid. Does this help determine the target/mode of action of Agent Q? If so, how?

6) Case Study: Cancer Drugs

DNA-damaging agents have a long history of use in cancer chemotherapy. The full extent of their cellular mechanisms, which is essential to balance efficacy and toxicity, is often unclear. In addition, the use of many anticancer drugs is limited by dose-limiting toxicities as well as the development of drug resistance. Novel anticancer compounds are continually being developed in the hopes of addressing these limitations; however, it is essential to be able to evaluate these compounds for their mechanisms of action.

a. One example of a DNA-damaging agent that interferes with DNA synthesis is aphidicolin. Knowing that it interferes with DNA synthesis, propose three hypotheses of how this agent might accomplish this (think about potential targets and mechanisms you have learned about in the cell).

b. Another set of DNA-damaging agents are alkylating agents, which either cross-link (create covalent bonds) between DNA and proteins or between DNA bases on the same or opposite strands. Hypothesize how these agents might specifically interfere with replication. Offer three different potential modes of action.

c. Clearly DNA replication is important for almost all the healthy cells in our body. How do these DNA-damaging agents manage not to kill the patient?

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