Use electron configurations to explain the following observations: (a) The first ionization energy of phosphorus is greater than that of sulfur. (b) The electron affinity of nitrogen is lower (less negative) than those of both carbon and oxygen. (c) The second ionization energy of oxygen is greater than the first ionization energy of fluorine. (d) The third ionization energy of manganese is greater than those of both chromium and iron.

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Jean KeelingLv2

13 May 2020

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Identify each statement as true or false: (a) Ionization energies are always negative quantities. (b) Oxygen has a larger first ionization energy than fluorine. (c) The second ionization energy of an atom is always greater than its first ionization energy. (d) The third ionization energy is the energy needed to ionize three electrons from a neutral atom.

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a. Using the element phosphorus as an example, write the equation for a process in which the energy change will correspond to the ionization energy and to the electron affinity.

b. Explain why the first ionization energy tends to increase as one proceeds from left to right across a period. Why is the first ionization energy of aluminum lower than that of magnesium, and the first ionization energy of sulfur lower than that of phosphorus?

c. Why do the successive ionization energies of an atom always increase? Note the successive ionization energies for silicon given in Table 7.5. Would you expect to see any large jumps between successive ionization energies of silicon as you removed all the electrons, one by one, beyond those shown in the table?