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5. The percentage of workers belonging to a union is

a. higher for men than women;

b. higher for blacks than for whites or Hispanics;

c. higher for the 45–64 age range; and higher among workers in government and manufacturing than workers in agriculture or service-oriented jobs.

d. all of the above are true.

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12. In some cases union workers may be more willing to accept new technology than nonunion workers, because

a. the union workers believe that the union will negotiate to protect their jobs and wages, whereas nonunion workers may be more concerned that the new technology will replace their jobs.

b. union workers, who typically have higher job market experience and training, are likely to suffer less and benefit more than non-union workers from the introduction of new technology.

c. both of the above statements are true

d. none of the above statements are true

5. Suppose the following wage regression is run on a sample of black and Hispanic workers (whites are not included in the data set or in the wage regression):

Wage = b₀ + b₁*Hispanic + b₂*Age

where the variables are as defined in class. Refer to the empirical results below when answering the questions.

	Coefficients	Standard Error	t Stat
Intercept	-1.888	8.733	-0.216
Hispanic	1.356	0.857	1.582
Age	0.391	0.180	2.179

a) According to these regression results, do blacks earn less than Hispanics?

b) How much less would a 30-year old expect to earn on average than a 32-year old?

c) Which variables are statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level?

d) Calculate the average wage of a 20-year old Hispanic.

e) Suppose blacks average 13.0 years of education and Hispanics average 12.5 years of education. What effect will re-running this regression including the education variable have on the Hispanic coefficient?

9. A sensible union must recognize that when it pushes up the wage, it also reduces the firms’ incentive to hire. It implies that

a. this situation does not necessarily mean that union workers are fired.

b. it may be that when union workers move on to other jobs or retire, they are not always replaced, or perhaps when a firm expands production.

c. the firms may expand employment somewhat less with a higher union wage than it would have done with the lower equilibrium wage.

d. all of the above statements are true.

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