Where does energy to make ATP actually come from?

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Related questions

Compare the processes of substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation to make ATP. How are they different? Similar? Where does the energy come from for each? In each case, describe the energy transfer process(es) that result in ATP formation.

Compare the processes of oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation to make ATP. Where does the energy come from for each? How are they different? Similar? In each case, describe the energy transfer process(es) that result in ATP formation.

The free energy of ATP synthesis from ATP synthase under cellular conditions is +45 kJ/mol.

a. Where does the energy come from?

b. If the pH of the matrix is 7.84, the intermembrane space is 7.16 and the membrane potential is +/- 0.15 V at 37 C, how much energy can be produced from this gradient per mol of protons?

c. How many moles of protons moving across this gradient would be required to produce enough energy for one mole of ATP to be synthesized?

d. To generate a proton gradient the mitochondria use the energy of electron transport. How much energy is produced in the oxidation of NADH by oxygen (under standard biochemical conditions)?

e. Using the answer from b, how many moles of protons could be transported out of the matrix with this oxygen energy (d)?

f. How many moles of protons are actually transported in the oxidation of NADH theough the ETC?