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13 Dec 2019

Sugar fermentation test is usually a

A)Standard diagnostic procedure used in clinical labs to identify microbes

B) Test used to determine virulence factor of a microorganisms

C) Both

------

True or False

The MR test indicates mixed acid production via glucose fermentation when positive.

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17 Dec 2019
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Related questions

Experiment 1 Fermentation by Yeast Experiment Inventory Labware (4) 250 mL Beakers (1) 100 mL Graduated Cylinder (1) Test Tube Rack (5) Fermentation Tubes = (10) Test Tubes (5 plastic and 5 glass; see Figure 4) (1) Measuring Spoon (4) Pipettes (1) Ruler Note: You must provide the materials listed in *red. EXPERIMENT 1: FERMENTATION BY YEAST Yeast cells produce ethanol, C2 H6 O, and carbon dioxide, CO2 , during alcoholic fermentation. In this experiment, you will measure the production of CO2 to determine the rate of fermentation in the presence of different carbohydrates with fermentation tubes. Note: Regular table sugar is sucrose, a disaccharide, which is made up of glucose and fructose. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Figure 4: Fermentation tubes. Note how the smaller, plastic test tube is inverted into the larger glass tube. You will create five fermentation tubes in this experiment. PROCEDURE 1. In this experiment, you will mix yeast with sugar, Equal®, and Splenda®. Before you begin, develop a hypothesis predicting what will happen when the sugar/sweeteners are mixed with yeast. Will fermentation occur? Why or why not? Record your hypothesis in the post-lab questions. 2. Use the permanent marker to label three 250 mL beakers as Equal®, Splenda®, and Sugar. 3. Empty the Equal®, Splenda®, and Sugar packets into the corresponding beakers. 4. Fill the Equal® and Splenda® beakers to the 100 mL mark with warm tap water. 5. Fill the Sugar beaker to the 200 mL mark with warm tap water. 6. Mix each beaker thoroughly by pipetting the solution up and down several times. Use a new pipette to mix each solution. Each beaker now contains a 1% solution. Set these aside for later use. 7. Completely fill one of the smaller plastic tubes with tap water and invert the larger glass tube over it. Push the small tube up into the larger tube until the top connects with the bottom of the inverted tube. Invert the fermentation tube (Figure 4) so that the larger tube is upright (there should be a small bubble at the top of the internal tube). Note: Repeat Step 7 several times as practice. Strive for the smallest bubble possible. When you feel comfortable with this technique, empty the test tube(s) and proceed to Step 8. CAUTION: Do not try to force the plastic test tube into the glass test tube. This might cause your glass test tube to break, causing you injury. If your plastic test tubes do not fit easily, please call eScience Labs for replacement glass tubes. If you are able to set up at least two fermentation tubes, continue with the experiment, but know that you will have to perform steps 12-15 in multiple steps. 8. Use the permanent marker to label the fourth 250 mL beaker as Yeast. 9. Fill this beaker with 175 mL of warm tap water. It should be between 30 and 40o C (warm to the touch). 10.Open the yeast package, and use the measuring spoon to measure and pour 1 tsp. yeast into the beaker. Pipette the solution up and down until all of the yeast is mixed homogenously into the solution. Note: Make sure the yeast solution remains homogenous before each test tube is filled in the proceeding steps. The yeast density is fairly high, and the yeast may settle to the bottom of the beaker if it rests for an extended period of time. 11. Use the permanent marker to label the big glass and small plastic test tubes as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. 12.Use the 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure and pour 15 mL of the following solutions into the corresponding small plastic test tubes: Tube 1: 1% Glucose Solution Tube 2: 1% Sucrose Solution Tube 3: 1% Equal® Solution Tube 4: 1% Splenda® Solution Tube 5: 1% Sugar Solution Note: Thoroughly rinse the graduated cylinder between each measurement. 13.Fill the remaining volume in each small tube to the top with the yeast solution. 14.Slide the corresponding larger tube over the small tube and invert it as practiced in Step 7. This will mix the yeast and sugar/sweetener solutions. 15.Place the fermentation tubes in the test tube rack, and use a ruler to measure (in millimeters) the initial air space in the rounded bottom of the internal tube. Record these values in the Table 1. 16.Allow the test tubes to sit in a warm place (approximately 30 °C) for two hours. Placement suggestions include: a sunny window sill, atop (not in!) a warm oven heated to approximately 85 °C (185 °F on an oven setting), or under a very bright (warm) light. 17.At the end of the fermentation period, use your ruler to measure (in millimeters) the final gas height (total air space) in each tube. Record this data in Table 1. 18.Calculate the difference between the initial and final gas height in each tube. Record this data in Table 1.

EXPERIMENT 1: FERMENTATION BY YEAST

Result Tables

Table 1: Yeast Fermentation Data

Tube

Initial Gas Height (mm)

Final Gas Height (mm)

Net Change (mm)

1

2

3

4

5

Post-Lab Questions

Include your hypothesis from Step 1 here. Be sure to include at least one piece of scientific reasoning in your hypothesis to support your predictions.

Did you notice a difference in the rate of respiration between the various sugars? Did the artificial sugar provide a good starting material for fermentation?

Was anaerobic fermentation occurring? How do you know (use scientific reasoning)?

If you observed respiration, identify the gas that was produced. Suggest two methods you could use for positively identifying this gas.

Hypothesize why some of the sugar or sweetener solutions were not metabolized, while others were. Research the chemical formula of Equal® and Splenda® and explain how it would affect yeast respiration.

How do the results of this experiment relate to the role yeast plays in baking?

What would you expect to see if the yeast cell metabolism slowed down? How could this be done?

Indicate sources of error and suggest improvement (for example, what types of controls could be added?).

The most commonly isolated gram-positive cocci are best differentiated by their:

Gram stain morphology.

catalase reaction.

hemolytic reaction.

both a and b.

both b and c.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 1)

The novobiocin resistance test is used to

determine treatment options for Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

identify S. saprophyticus.

differentiate S. saprophyticus and S. hominis ssp. novobiosepticus.

both a and b.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 2)

The slide coagulase and the Staphylococcus latex agglutination tests are similar in that both test for the presence of

protein A.

free coagulase.

clumping factor.

thermonuclease.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 2)

The esculin/PYR disk test can be used to rapidly identify

Enterococcus spp.

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pyogenes.

both a and b.

both a and c.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 2)

The optochin disk test is incubated at/in _____________________.

35°C, ambient air.

35°C, CO2.

42°C, CO2.

25°C, a capnophilic atmosphere.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 2)

A catalase-positive, gram-positive coccus that agglutinates in a slide coagulase test as well as in saline should be

reported as Staphylococcus aureus.

reported as Staphylococcus not S. aureus.

retested using another method.

retested for the catalase reaction.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objectives 2 and 3)

A positive rapid esculin test appears

dark.

pink.

red after the addition of the reagent.

blue.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 3)

Yellow colonies on mannitol salt agar indicate the definitive presence of

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus not S. aureus.

unable to definitively identify.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 4)

A catalase-negative, gram-positive coccus that is bile esculin positive and 6.5% NaCl broth positive belongs to the Lancefield antigenic group

D.

C.

B.

A.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 5)

10. A leg wound isolate presents as a yellow pigmented, beta-hemolytic, catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci in clusters. Which of the following tests would you expect to be positive for this isolate?

Novobiocin resistance

Heat-stable thermonuclease

PYR

b and c

a and b

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 5)

11. A catalase-negative coccus in pairs and short chains that is susceptible to ethyl hydrocupreine will also

a. require CO2 for growth.

b. be alpha hemolytic.

c. be bile soluble.

d. all of the above.

e. b and c.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 5)

12. The PBP2a latex agglutination test is used to detect catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, gram-positive cocci that are resistant to

a. vancomycin.

b. novobiocin.

c. oxacillin.

d. penicillin.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 6)

13. A catalase-negative, gram-positive coccus in chains that is positive for esculin and PYR hydrolysis is also vancomycin resistant. What additional antibiotic resistance can this organism exhibit?

a. high level aminoglycosides.

b. ampicillin and penicillin.

c. beta-lactamase production.

d. all of the above.

e. b and c.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 6)

14. An alpha-hemolytic, catalase-negative, gram-positive coccus that is susceptible to optochin can cause all of the following diseases except

a. pneumonia.

b. sinusitis.

c. meningitis.

d. pharyngitis.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 7)

15. The catalase-negative, gram-positive coccus that is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis

a. has the potential to be vancomycin resistant.

b. hydrolyzes hippurate.

c. is susceptible to bacitracin.

d. is bile soluble.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 7)

16. Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by a

a. catalase-negative, gram-positive coccus that is susceptible to bacitracin.

b. catalase-negative, gram-positive coccus that produces CAMP factor.

c. catalase-positive, gram-positive coccus that produces coagulase.

d. catalase-positive, gram-positive coccus that is resistant to novobiocin.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 7)

17. Infections of indwelling devices, such as intravenous catheters, are often caused by catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci that are

a. coagulase positive and thermonuclease negative.

b. coagulase negative and novobiocin resistant.

c. caogulase positive and thermonuclease positive.

d. coagulase negative and novobiocin susceptible.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 7)

18. Which of the following factors accounts for the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes?

a. “C” substance

b. Protein A

c. M protein

d. mecA gene

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 7)

19. The virulence factor most often associated with catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci that are bile soluble is

a. capsule production.

b. vancomycin resistance.

c. hyaluronidase.

d. streptolysin S.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 7)

20. A catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, gram-positive coccus that is resistant to ethyl hydrocupriene is usually considered

a. a member of the normal upper respiratory flora.

b. a pathogen in an expectorated sputum specimen.

c. the causative agent of non-suppurative sequelae.

d. a common urinary pathogen.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 8)

21. A catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, gram-positive coccus in clusters is isolated from the urine of a 24-year-old female. This isolate will require

a. additional testing to identify.

b. no further testing.

c. a screen for vancomycin resistance.

d. Lancefield grouping.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 10)

22. A blood culture yields yellow-pigmented, beta-hemolytic, catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci in clusters. The department is out of Staphylococcus latex agglutination reagent. The microbiologist sets up a tube coagulase and mannitol salt agar. She incubates both at 35°C in CO2 overnight. The next day the coagulase test is negative and the mannitol salt agar displays yellow colonies. How will you proceed with these results?

a. Report this organism as Staphylococcus aureus

b. Report this organism as Staphylococcus not S. aureus

c. Repeat the tests due to invalid results

d. Test the organism for novobiocin resistance

ANSWER:

(Level 3, Objective 10)

24. A patient, suspected to have bacterial endocarditis, had two sets of blood cultures drawn. All four bottles are positive with gram-positive cocci in pairs and chains. On sheep blood agar, the gray, transparent, alpha-hemolytic colonies are catalase negative, optochin resistant, ESC negative and PYR negative. Which of the following patient histories correlates with the presence of this organism?

a. 78-year-old male with bacterial pneumonia

b. 47-year-old female with a heart murmur and a history of dental surgery

c. 16-year-old female with a history of untreated pharyngitis

d. 3-day-old premature male

ANSWER:

(Level 3, Objective 10)

25. A translucent colony displaying subtle beta hemolysis is isolated from a placenta culture. The Gram stain revealed gram-positive cocci in pairs. The microbiologist drops 3% catalase reagent onto a colony on sheep blood agar, and it produces bubbles. He then performs a Staphyloccocus latex agglutination and the suspension remains smooth. The next step is to

a. report the organism as Staphylococcus not S. aureus.

b. report the organism as Staphylococcus aureus.

c. repeat the catalase test due to an invalid result.

d. perform a thermonuclease test due to an invalid latex agglutination result.

ANSWER:

(Level 3, Objective 10)

1. Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?
Fermentation
An electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation
Glycolysis
All of the above
2. The primary purpose of catabolism is
generation of ADP.
generation of ATP.

oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
degradation of organic molecules.
biosynthesis.
3. What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?
It is reduced to lactic acid.
It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
It is catabolized in glycolysis.
It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
4. Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by
a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
5. How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?
Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
These are other names for glycolysis.
Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.
6. The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate
a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
d) Both a and b
e) Both b and c
7. Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?
The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid

The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 andH2O
The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
The production of ATP from glucose
The production of ethanol from glucose
8. A reaction that yields energy has a
positive ?Go?.
negative ?Go?.
positive ?Eo?.
negative ?Eo?.
negative ?Ho?.
9. Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause
a) electrons generally accompany protons.
b) protons generally accompany protons.
c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
10. Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?
It involves the reduction of oxygen.
It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
It does not generate ATP.

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