Biochemistry 2280A Study Guide - Ap Site, Cytosine, Cytochrome C Oxidase

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Damage: any unintended physical or chemical change in dna or its sequence. Dna molecules are huge and prone to damage. Cells have developed mechanisms for repairing dna damage. Main types of dna damage: copying mistakes. Mistakes occur in dna replication at rate of 1 per 10^7 nt in humans. Result is one or more mismatched bp, leading to change in dna sequence mutation in one of daughter double helices after replication. Insertion or deletion of one or more bases potentially causing a shift in reading frame can lead to nonsense mutations: deamination: Amine group of nitrogenous base, usually cytosine, is changed carbonyl. Occurs spontaneously and may lead to mutation. Polymerase sees a, assumes it is supposed to be t. If not caught at round 1, cannot be fixed because found 2 doesn"t notice mistake to. Mistake is recognized even in round 2 because. Assumes other strand is correct, so a is used as template.

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